A comprehensive review of biomarkers in psoriasis

Abstract

Psoriasis is a common, chronic skin disorder, the pathogenesis of which is incompletely understood. Results from various clinical and experimental studies indicate that psoriasis is a complex, multifactorial disease with a genetic predisposition. Factors such as climate, physical trauma, drug, stress and infections (Streptococcus, human immunodeficiency virus) are known to trigger psoriasis. The success of treatment of psoriasis with T-cell depletion and antitumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha treatment is explained by the involvement of T cells and TNF- alpha in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. The biochemical basis for the pathogenesis of psoriasis can be attributed to both overexpression and underexpression of certain proteins in psoriatic lesions. The anomalies in protein expression can be classified as abnormal keratinocyte differentiation, keratinocyte hyperproliferation and inflammation. Oxidative stress (OS) and increased free-radical generation have been linked to skin inflammation in psoriasis. The review presents evidence for various markers of psoriasis that can be targeted for effective treatment, including biomarkers of inflammation, keratinocyte hyperproliferation and abnormal differentiation, and stress.

Proteomic analysis of psoriatic skin tissue for identification of differentially expressed proteins: Up-regulation of GSTP1, SFN and PRDX2 in psoriatic skin

“…Once inflammation is initiated by keratinocyte products, leukocyte recruitment or inflammation is amplified by cytokine networks, and several reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced by keratinocytes and inflammatory cells (10,11). Compelling evidence demonstrating that ROS-mediated oxidative stress could contribute to the pathogenesis of psoriasis has been reported (11,12).…”

Clinical Value of Antioxidant Enzymes and Oxidative Biomarkers in Psoriasis

“…Süperoksit dismutaz süperoksit radikalini H 2 O 2 'ye çeviren reaksiyonu katalizleyerek süperok-sit anyonunun hidroksil radikali gibi daha toksik bir ürüne dönüşmesini engeller (24) . Yapılan çalışmalarda, genel olarak SOD aktivitesi düşük olarak bildirilmiş-tir (11,25) . Bu düşüklük antioksidan sistem yetersizliği-ne bağlanmıştır.…”

“…Oksidatif stres psöriasis için patofizyolojik bir neden olmasına karşılık, bu alanda birçok biyobelirteç kullanılmış ve çelişkili sonuçlar bulunmuştur (4,(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11) . Bazı çalışmalarda artan belirteçler, bazı çalışmalarda ya azalmış ya da değişmemiştir.…”

Psoriatic Skin Models: A Need for the Pharmaceutical Industry

“…The determination of relevant biomarkers directly related to psoriasis pathogenesis to be targeted with effective treatments could allow quantitative assessment of treatment response (Rashmi et al, 2009).…”