A comprehensive review of COVID-19 symptoms and treatments in the setting of autoimmune diseases

Hamidi, Zahra; Jabraeili-Siahroud, Shaghaiegh; Taati-Alamdari, Yalda; Aghbash, Parisa Shiri; Shamekh, Ali; Baghi, Hossein Bannazadeh

doi:10.1186/s12985-023-01967-7

Cited by 17 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 87 publications

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“…Moreover, the use of disease-modifying therapies did not appear as a significant risk factor for poor COVID-19 outcomes; however, there is a possibility that the usage of B-cell-depleting therapies could exacerbate COVID-19 infections ( 19 ). While the hypothesis that COVID-19 may have less impact on the aggravation of MG remains uncertain, increasing evidence suggests that immunosuppression may have protective effects through immune response limitation ( 20 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the incidence and severity of myasthenia gravis in Korea: using National Health Insurance Service database

Kim,

Lee,

Kim

et al. 2024

Front. Neurol.

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BackgroundThis study investigated the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the incidence and severity of myasthenia gravis (MG) using the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) database in Korea.MethodsWe analyzed data from patients with MG in the NHIS registry from 2015 to 2021. MG was defined as (1) patients aged ≥18 years with the G70.0 code, and (2) patients who visited tertiary hospitals regarldless of department in Korea (outpatient clinics at least twice or hospitalization at least once), and (3) patients who were prescribed pyridostigmine as MG medications at least once. We designated pre-COVID-19 as 2019 and post-COVID-19 as 2021 and analyzed the MG incidence and prevalence in 2019 and 2021. We compared the clinical data of patients with MG between the two years. MG exacerbation was defined as the administration of intravenous immunoglobulin or plasma exchange. Analysis of COVID-19 cases was conducted using an integrated database from the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency and NHIS. Patients with MG were divided into two groups according to COVID-19 status to compare their clinical characteristics.ResultsA total of 6,888 and 7,439 MG cases were identified in 2019 and 2021, respectively. The standardized incidence was 1.56/100,000 in 2019, decreasing to 1.21/100,000 in 2021. Although the frequency of MG exacerbations was higher in 2019, there were no differences in the number and duration of hospitalizations, duration of ICU stays, hostalization expense, and mortality between 2019 and 2021. Patients with MG and COVID-19 had a higher frequency of MG exacerbations than patients without COVID-19, but there were no differences in the number and duration of hospitalizations, hospitalization expense, and mortality.ConclusionThis study was the first nationwide population-based epidemiological study of MG during COVID-19 pandemic in Korea. The incidence of MG decreased during COVID-19 pandemic, and the severity of MG was not affected by COVID-19.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the incidence and severity of myasthenia gravis in Korea: using National Health Insurance Service database

Kim,

Lee,

Kim

et al. 2024

Front. Neurol.

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“…Due to the increased risk of COVID-19 infection, the likelihood of serious COVID-19 consequences, and the potential for pre-existing illness flares, patients with autoimmune diseases and their caregivers are concerned about how well these patients are being treated. The underlying autoimmune diseases’ pathophysiology and severity, as well as the received medications, can impact the Covid-19 outcomes in patients with autoimmune diseases [ 194 ].…”

Section: Covid-19 Treatment In Children With Autoimmune Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in pediatric patients with autoimmune disorders

2023

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection in pediatric patients with autoimmune disorders is an area of particular concern since autoimmune diseases can increase the risk of complications from the virus. However, as the infection rates were significantly higher in adults compared to children, this at-risk group of children was relatively underrepresented in COVID-19 research. The underlying inflammatory basis of autoimmune diseases and medications that affect the immune system, such as corticosteroids, could increase the risk of severe infection in this group of patients. COVID-19 could reportedly lead to a variety of alterations in the immune system. These alterations are plausibly dependent on the underlying immune-mediated diseases or prior use of immunomodulatory drugs. Patients administrating immunomodulatory agents, especially those with severe immune system dysregulation, can experience severe symptoms of COVID-19. Nonetheless, receiving immunosuppressive medications can benefit patients by preventing cytokine storm syndromes and lung tissue damage, threatening outcomes of COVID-19. Conclusion: In this review, we sought to evaluate the currently available literature on the impact of autoimmune disease and its related therapeutic approaches on the COVID-19 infection course of disease in children and reflect on the gaps in the evidence and the need for further research in this field. What is Known: • The majority of children infected with COVID-19 demonstrate mild to moderate clinical manifestations compared to adults, whereas those children with pre-existing autoimmune conditions are at a greater risk for severe symptoms. •There is currently limited understanding of the pathophysiology and clinical outcomes of COVID-19 in pediatric patients with autoimmune disorders due to scattered reports and inadequate evidence. What is New: • Generally, children with autoimmune disorders have more unfavorable outcomes than healthy children; yet, the severity is not extreme, and is highly dependent on their autoimmune disease type and severity, as well as the medication they are taking.

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“…Many concerns regarding the virus remain unresolved, including the long-term impact of the infection, the role of asymptomatic carriers in propagating the virus, and events that lead to severe illness. Clinical studies for SAR-SCoV-2 therapeutics that can modify the immune response without completely inhibiting it are among the major challenges (Robinson et al 2022, Hamidi et al 2023.…”

Section: Current Treatments and Challenges Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring Nature's Invigorating Power: Phytotherapy for SARS-CoV-2

Bashir,

Komal,

Ibrahim

et al. 2023

Phytopharmacological Com.

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Covid-19 is a respiratory disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that spreads by person-to-person contact. The virus is thought to have a zoonotic origin. It mainly affects the respiratory system, resulting in fever, cough, shortness of breath, headaches, diarrhea, throat infections, and myalgia. It takes over the host's cell via the angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 receptors (ACE2). Despite the development of multiple vaccinations via diverse techniques, there is no scientifically significant therapy to combat SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, research into current therapeutic strategies' potential safety and effectiveness is in progress. This review briefly discusses the epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2, its pathophysiology, and the challenges of current treatment for SARS-CoV-2. The significance the medicinal plants and their extracts are discussed at length. Available literature suggests that aloe vera, senna, black cumin, and fenugreek have the potential to be effective antivirals against SARS-CoV-2. Many of these plants also have immunomodulatory, antiasthmatic, antipyretic, anti-tussive, and antiviral effects. Bioactive compounds such as quercetin, curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate, baicalin, andrographis, glycyrrhizin, and resveratrol have also been shown to relieve Covid-19 symptoms. We suggest that these medicinal plants may serve as a source of phytocompounds with safer and more potent antiviral agents against SARS-CoV-2 and should be investigated further in detail.

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A comprehensive review of COVID-19 symptoms and treatments in the setting of autoimmune diseases

Cited by 17 publications

References 87 publications

Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the incidence and severity of myasthenia gravis in Korea: using National Health Insurance Service database

Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the incidence and severity of myasthenia gravis in Korea: using National Health Insurance Service database

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in pediatric patients with autoimmune disorders

Exploring Nature's Invigorating Power: Phytotherapy for SARS-CoV-2

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