A Comprehensive Review of Energy Regeneration and Conversion Technologies Based on Mechanical–Electric–Hydraulic Hybrid Energy Storage Systems in Vehicles

Abstract

The primary purpose of this paper is to investigate energy regeneration and conversion technologies based on mechanical–electric–hydraulic hybrid energy storage systems in vehicles. There has been renewed interest in hydraulic storage systems since evidence has been presented that shows that they have the distinct advantages of high energy output and energy recuperation compared to electrical energy recovery systems, which are widely applied in electric vehicles; however, they are known to be high-cost, with a complicated structure and not zero carbon. In this paper, we first review recent research on hydraulic energy regeneration and conversion technologies. Secondly, as the main part of this paper, the latest technological progress and breakthroughs of the mechanical–electric–hydraulic hybrid energy storage systems in vehicles—which are divided into four categories: passenger, minibus and bus, commercial vehicle and special vehicle—are analyzed and discussed in depth. In addition, the current research status of energy management techniques is presented and summarized. Finally, prospects and challenges are suggested and explained. It is evident from the literature review that the mechanical–electric–hydraulic hybrid systems perform excellently in vehicles. Clearly, this review will be helpful to understand, explore and define the hydraulic vehicle of the future concerning energy optimization and environmental friendliness.

Review of Hydro-Pneumatic Accumulator Models for the Study of the Energy Efficiency of Hydraulic Systems

“…The latest solution to hybrid hydraulic drives was developed in cooperation between Bosch and Peugeot Citroën PSA [55]. In [56], the latest technological advances and breakthroughs in mechanical-electric-hydraulic hybrid energy storage systems in vehicles are analysed and discussed in detail, which are divided into four categories: passenger cars, minibuses and buses, commercial vehicles, and special vehicles.…”

Decomposition analysis on factors affecting electricity substitution in Guangdong province, China

“…The global economy rebounded at record speed in 2021 from the COVID-19 pandemic, with global energy demand increased by 5.4%, resulting in total CO 2 emissions from the energy sector to 36.6 Gt in 2021 [3]. It is more challenging to achieve the 'below 2°C' goal in the Paris Agreement [4,5]. The total energy consumption of China surpassed that of the United States in 2010.…”