A comprehensive review of lithium extraction: From historical perspectives to emerging technologies, storage, and environmental considerations

Krishnan, Renjith; Gopan, Gokul

doi:10.1016/j.clet.2024.100749

Cleaner Engineering and Technology

2024

DOI: 10.1016/j.clet.2024.100749

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A comprehensive review of lithium extraction: From historical perspectives to emerging technologies, storage, and environmental considerations

Renjith Krishnan,

Gokul Gopan

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Cited by 6 publications

References 105 publications

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Cross‐Scale Decoupling Kinetic Processes in Lithium‐Ion Batteries Using the Multi‐Dimensional Distribution of Relaxation Time

Cai,

Zhang,

Ruan

et al. 2024

Advanced Science

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To non‐destructively resolve and diagnose the degradation mechanisms of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), it is necessary to cross‐scale decouple complex kinetic processes through the distribution of relaxation times (DRT). However, LIBs with low interfacial impedance render DRT unreliable without data processing and closed‐loop validation. This study proposes a hierarchical analytical framework to enhance timescale resolution and reduce uncertainty, including interfacial impedance reconstruction and multi‐dimensional DRT analysis. Interfacial impedance is reconstructed by eliminating simulated inductive and diffusive impedance based on a high‐fidelity frequency‐domain model. Multi‐dimensional DRT decouples solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and charge transfer (CT) processes by the reversibility of electrochemical reactions with state of charge (SOC) to characterize electrode kinetic evolution driven by SOC and temperature through timescales and peak area. The findings reveal that reconstructed impedance improves the accuracy of identified time constants by ≈20%. Cross‐scale DRT results reveal that SOCs below 10% at 25 °C effectively distinguish electrode kinetics due to the high correlation between cathodic CT and SOC. Kinetic metrics characterize that anodic SEI or CT are different control steps limiting the low‐temperature performance of different cells. This work underscores the potential of the proposed framework for non‐destructive diagnostics of kinetic evolution.

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Cross‐Scale Decoupling Kinetic Processes in Lithium‐Ion Batteries Using the Multi‐Dimensional Distribution of Relaxation Time

Cai,

Zhang,

Ruan

et al. 2024

Advanced Science

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Producing battery grade lithium carbonate from salt‐lake brine via bipolar membrane carbon dioxide mineralization

Shan,

Cao,

et al. 2024

AIChE Journal

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Producing battery‐grade Li2CO3 product from salt‐lake brine is a critical issue for meeting the growing demand of the lithium‐ion battery industry. Traditional procedures include Na2CO3 precipitation and multi‐stage crystallization for refining, resulting in significant lithium loss and undesired lithium product quality. Herein, we first proposed a bipolar membrane CO2 mineralization technique for directly producing battery‐grade Li2CO3 from lake brine that enriches alkali metals (Na+, K+). Results indicate the process can successfully separate Li+ from contaminants and present a selectivity above 900 for Li+ through the CO2 mineralization reaction, while prevent electro‐oxidating Cl− to Cl2 pollution. The obtained Li2CO3 production purity is above 99.75% with lithium recovery rate of 86%. Carbon dioxide was captured in the form of Li2CO3, with a capacity of 595 g of CO2 for1 kg of Li2CO3. The technology provides a sustainable and cost‐effective path for producing battery‐grade Li2CO3 from the lake brine.

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Building a Circular Economy for Lithium: Addressing Global Challenges

Zanoletti,

Bresolin,

Bontempi

2024

Global Challenges

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As countries worldwide race toward a green transition, the demand for electric vehicles is surging, and with it comes a growing need for batteries. However, the push for increased domestic mining to secure these materials raises significant concerns about environmental sustainability. Even with stringent regulations, the environmental impact of mining can be profound, posing risks such as biodiversity loss, water pollution, and broader ecological damage. Furthermore, geopolitical tensions could arise as countries whose economic interests are threatened by these initiatives may react adversely. Local communities might also resist mining projects due to concerns over environmental degradation, health risks, and disruptions to their livelihoods. Given the critical importance of metals in the ecological transition, this challenge must be approached with the same urgency and global coordination as a pandemic response. Just as the world mobilized unprecedented resources to tackle COVID‐19, a similarly robust approach is necessary to ensure the availability of critical metals for a sustainable future. This paper suggests potential pathways for academic, technological, and societal advancements within the framework of a circular economy for lithium, aiming to secure a sustainable supply of this essential resource.

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A comprehensive review of lithium extraction: From historical perspectives to emerging technologies, storage, and environmental considerations

Cited by 6 publications

References 105 publications

Cross‐Scale Decoupling Kinetic Processes in Lithium‐Ion Batteries Using the Multi‐Dimensional Distribution of Relaxation Time

Cross‐Scale Decoupling Kinetic Processes in Lithium‐Ion Batteries Using the Multi‐Dimensional Distribution of Relaxation Time

Producing battery grade lithium carbonate from salt‐lake brine via bipolar membrane carbon dioxide mineralization

Building a Circular Economy for Lithium: Addressing Global Challenges

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