A Comprehensive Review of Magnetic Nanomaterials Modern Day Theranostics

Abstract

Substances at nanoscale, commonly known as "nanomaterials," have always grabbed the attention of researchers for hundreds of years. Among these different types of nanomaterials, magnetic nanomaterials have been the focus of considerable attention during the last two decades as evidenced by an unprecedented increase in the number of research papers focusing these materials. Iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles have occupied a vital position in imaging phenomena; as drug vehicles, controlled/sustained release phenomena and hyperthermia; atherosclerosis diagnosis; prostate cancer. In fact, these are wonderful "theranostic" agents with some under clinical trials for human use. In this review, we have attempted to highlight the advances taking place in the field of magnetic nanoparticles as theranostic agents. Extensive progress has been made in the two most important parameters, namely, control over the size and shape which decide the importance of iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles by developing suitable procedures like precipitation, co-precipitation, thermal decomposition, hydrothermal synthesis, microemulsion synthesis and plant mediated synthesis. After using a suitable synthetic route, workers encounter the most daunting task linked with the materials at nanoscale i.e., the protection against corrosion. Only properly protected iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles can be further connected to different functional systems to make building blocks for application in catalysis, biology and medicines. Finally, "theranostics" which is a combined application of imaging and drug delivery has been discussed. With all the potential uses, toxicity of the of iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles has been discussed.

Hydrophobic Interaction: A Promising Driving Force for the Biomedical Applications of Nucleic Acids

“…In the field of materials science, the superior properties of a variety of inorganic nanomaterials have been extensively investigated, [148] for example, the superparamagnetism of magnetic nanoparticles, the optical properties of quantum dots, the surface plasmon resonance of AuNPs, and the upconversion emission of rare-earth-based nanoparticles. [149][150][151][152] In addition to these interesting properties, many inorganic nanomaterials show high cellular-uptake capability and high tumor-accumulation by the EPR effect. They are widely applied in biomedical applications, such as theranostics and biological detection.…”

Improving Tumor Retention of Effector Cells in Adoptive Cell Transfer Therapies by Magnetic Targeting

“…MNP coating can be achieved through adsorptive or covalent linking to the metallic core (reviewed in [63]). A wide range of polymer formulations has been described to confer stabilizing properties to the MNPs in biological fluids and can allow grafting of supplemental functionalizing biological molecules if required [64]. This endows MNPs with great versatility since they can be chemically manipulated to become vehicles capable of transporting magnetically their cargo to the site of interest.…”

Magnetic Nanoparticle Systems for Nanomedicine—A Materials Science Perspective

“…Magnetic nanoparticle systems that are relevant for nanomedicine applications [1,2], such as biomedical imaging, magnetically targeted drug delivery, magneto-mechanical actuation of cell surface receptors, magnetic hyperthermia, triggered drug release, and biomarker/cell separation, have some particular features concerning composition, size, morphology, structure, and magnetic behavior, which highly motivated the synthesis, characterization, and post-synthesis application-specific modification of magnetic iron oxide and substituted ferrite nanoparticles [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. These multi-functional magnetoresponsive particles are highly promising in imaging and treating a lesion, simultaneously providing a theranostic approach [11][12][13]. Microscopic phenomena that are associated with the surface coordination environment, such as canted surface spins, intra-and interparticle interactions (dipolar or exchange, involving surface spins among different particles), and even increased surface anisotropy, which are relevant in improving magnetic field controlled driving and heating, as well as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) detection, may affect the magnetic behavior of magnetic nanoparticle systems [14,15].…”