“…Rhynchophylline, a type of alkaloids found in Uncaria tomentosa, Uncaria attenuata, Uncarua macrophylla, Uncaria rhynchophylla, Uncaria borneensis, Uncaria longiflora var. pteropoda, Uncaria acida, Uncaria africana, Ucnaria bernaysii, Uncaria cordata, Uncaria elliptica, Uncaria kunstleri, Uncaria guianensis, Uncaria sessilifructus, Uncaria sterrophylla, and Uncaria sinensis [25], [45], provides an impact on p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), JNK, cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein (CREB), AKT and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling and augmenting the phosphorylation of p53 [38], [45], decreases C-X-C chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) expression [69], and activates the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway [70]. The mitogenactivated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, which includes p38, ERK, and JNK, is influenced by rhynchophylline by activating p38 and JNK and inhibiting ERK, thereby inducing apoptosis [89], [90].…”