A comprehensive review of Quercus semecarpifolia Sm.: An ecologically and commercially important Himalayan tree

Abstract

Himalayan mountain forests have been a potential candidate for the investigation of perturbations due to the complex geography in which they sustain and the sensitivity of the species toward human disturbance and climate change. Among various tree species, brown oak (Quercus semecarpifolia), a very important component of the Himalayan mountains, has been identified as a keystone species due to its substantial economic and ecological benefits. Maintenance of microclimate and suitable habitats with a rich source of natural resources makes Q. semecarpifolia the most preferred forest for luxuriant growth of ground flora, shelter for fauna, and multipurpose uses by the local people. In a climax community, it plays a critical role in environmental balance both at the local and regional levels. Unfortunately, it has become one of the most overexploited tree species of the Himalayan region over the last few decades due to its high demand for dry season fodder and firewood. The wide range of seedling distribution 348–4,663 individuals ha–1 is evidence of the disturbance accompanied by poor regeneration in Q. semecarpifolia forests. Moreover, litter accumulation and grass cover adversely affect seed germination. The ecological cost of oak forest degradation is perhaps more important and damage is irreversible. Thus, continuous demand and extensive threats accompanied by poor regeneration have drawn the attention of stakeholders to conserve this species. However, propagation protocol, especially the pre-sowing treatment of the species, has not been impressive for large-scale multiplication. This review is comprehensive information on distribution, phenology, regeneration pattern, human threat, conservation approaches, and management of Q. semecarpifolia in the Himalayan region.

Vegetation diversity pattern during spring season in relation to topographic and edaphic variables in sub-tropical zone

“…It is located 2705 feet above the sea level. District Malakand is geographically located 34° 35′ NL and 71° 57′ EL (Sciences 2022 ). It is enclosed by District Swat in the NE, District Dir (L) in the N, District Buner in the E, Districts Charsadda and Mardan in the S and Districts Bajaur and Mohmand in the W (Fig.…”

An Overview of Oak Species in Pakistan: Past, Present, and Future Research Perspectives

“…The nuts are inedible, but they provide the majority of the nutrition for livestock in Q. incana forests. The larger Q. semecarpifolia nuts are fit for human consumption [30,42]. Leaves, twigs, and young buds are used as farm animal fodder.…”

“…The wood of Q. semecarpifolia is used to make utensils. The wood of this species is still used to make the majority of the components of traditional plows [42]. The Q. semecarpifolia forests are mostly intact due to their low accessibility and the reliance of local communities on the nearby temperate forests [44].…”

“…In summary, the nuts of Quercus are edible; their leaves are used as fodder; the wood is preferred for creating agricultural instruments, particularly plows; and the wood is excellent as fuel and for snuff preparations [42,44].…”

Medicinal Plants as Therapeutic Alternatives to Combat Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A Comprehensive Review

“…Though these methods may not be able to eradicate the infection completely, they have been known for better management centered on the patient’s quality of life. So, to develop treatment methodologies, upgrade well-being, and address infections with high proportions of morbidity and mortality, alternative methods closest to their natural origins with minimal side effects seem promising [ 7 , 8 ]. Phytodrugs that are plant-based and have a historical pedagogy for treating TB provide an attractive and powerful alternative to conventional treatments with the least side effects [ 9 ].…”