A Comprehensive Review of Sedative and Analgesic Agents

Shields, Richard E.

doi:10.1016/s0899-5885(18)30256-9

Cited by 12 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…4 This risk for developing respiratory depression is associated with dose and rate of administration, in addition to coadministration with other central nervous system (CNS) depressing agents. 4,5 Skeletal muscle and chest wall rigidity I n 2003, Lazarus et al reported that the prevalence of adverse events in trauma patients is twice that in nontrauma hospitalized patients. 1 These complications may be a result of adverse drug events, drug-drug interactions, and/or drug administration (Table 1).…”

Section: Medication-related Complications In the Trauma Patientmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Neuromuscular blockade may be required to reverse these effects. 5 Naloxone may be used to reverse opioid effects in the event of severe respiratory depression, realizing the result of an awake and agitated trauma patient.…”

Section: Painmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Propofol is used extensively, especially in those with a neurological injury; however, there are several potential adverse effects and cautions that must be considered. Hypotension is the most common adverse effect, occurring in approximately 26% of patients receiving propofol [4][5][6][7][8][9] and occurs more frequently when rapid bolus doses are administered. Because increasing the rate of infusion by 5 to 10 μg/kg/min will achieve the same end point, bolus doses should be avoided.…”

Section: Sedationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Medication-Related Complications in the Trauma Patient

Corbett

Rebuck

2008

J Intensive Care Med

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Trauma patients are twice as likely to have adverse reactions to medication as nontrauma patients. The need for medication in trauma patients is high. Surgery is often necessary, and immunosuppression and hypercoagulability may be present. Adverse drug events can be caused in part by altered pharmacokinetics, drug interactions, and polypharmacy. Medications may also have serious long-term adverse effects, which must be considered. It is not the purpose of this review article to discuss all adverse effects of all medications. This article will discuss the more common adverse effects of medications for trauma patients in the acute care setting, in the following categories: pain control, sedation, antibiotics, seizure prophylaxis in head trauma, atrial fibrillation, deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism prophylaxis, hemodynamic support, adrenal insufficiency, factor VIIa.

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Section: Medication-related Complications In the Trauma Patientmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Painmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sedationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Medication-Related Complications in the Trauma Patient

Corbett

Rebuck

2008

J Intensive Care Med

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“…4 Duration of unconsciousness after a single induction dose is approximately 5 to 15 minutes. 3,4,6,7 After intravenous dosing, etomidate distribution is rapid and follows a 3-compartment pharmacokinetic model. Initial distribution half-life is 2.6 ± 1.3 minutes and elimination half-life is 4.6 ± 2.6 hours.…”

Section: Pharmacokineticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1,7,8 Induction doses of 0.2 to 0.3 mg/kg have little effect on cardiovascular parameters like heart rate, cardiac index, stroke volume, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance and systemic vascular resistance. 4 Etomidate reduces cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption, which attenuates elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) and limits ICP spikes associated with intubation.…”

Section: Pharmacologymentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of etomidate for rapid sequence intubation in the emergency department

Yeung

Zed

2002

CJEM

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Etomidate is a sedative-hypnotic chemically unrelated to other induction agents. The pharmacological and safety profile of etomidate offers many advantages for induction during rapid sequence intubation (RSI) in the emergency department (ED). Its onset of action is within 5 to 15 seconds, and its duration of action is 5 to 15 minutes. Unlike thiopental, propofol, midazolam and, to a lesser extent, ketamine, etomidate has minimal respiratory or cardiovascular effects and can be safely used in patients with hemodynamic instability or cardiac ischemia. Etomidate is cerebroprotective, with the ability to decrease intracranial pressure and maintain cerebral perfusion, making it an ideal agent for patients with head injuries. Of the currently available induction agents, etomidate offers the most favourable safety profile and is the least likely to produce adverse effects in patients with unknown or untreated medical conditions. Etomidate may cause pain on injection, myoclonic movements on induction, hiccups, nausea and vomiting. Transient adrenal suppression has been reported, but not to a clinically significant degree, after single induction doses for ED RSI. Etomidate has been well studied in the ED and should be adopted for RSI in specific ED patient groups.

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Procedural Sedation in Oculofacial Surgery

Schiedler

Sires²

2008

Pearls and Pitfalls in Cosmetic Oculoplastic Surgery

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A Comprehensive Review of Sedative and Analgesic Agents

Cited by 12 publications

References 10 publications

Medication-Related Complications in the Trauma Patient

Medication-Related Complications in the Trauma Patient

A review of etomidate for rapid sequence intubation in the emergency department

Procedural Sedation in Oculofacial Surgery

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