A Comprehensive Review of the Local Risk-Factors Associated With the Etiology of Peri-Implant Diseases

Abstract

Background: A variety of factors (local and systemic) have been associated with the etiology of periimplant diseases. Objective: The aim was to provide an overview of current literature regarding the local risk-factors associated with the etiology of peri-implant diseases. Data sources: Indexed databases were searched till June 2016 using different combinations of the following key words: "bruxism"; "oral biofilm"; "peri-implant diseases"; "peri-implantitis", "riskfactors" and "smoking". Study selection: Clinical studies assessing the local risk-factors associated with the etiology of periimplantitis were included. Letters to the Editor, case-reports, case-series, in-vitro studies, studies on animal models and commentaries were excluded. Data extraction: The pattern of the present comprehensive review was customized to primarily summarize the pertinent information. Data synthesis: Poor bone density and volume are associated with the etiology of peri-implant diseases. Excessive plaque accumulation and history of periodontitis are core etiological factors associated with peri-implant diseases. The relative risk for peri-implantitis was significantly higher in patients with a previous history of periodontitis compared to peri-implantitis patients without a history of periodontal disease. Periodontopathogens associated with periodontitis have also been isolated from peri-implant sulci of patients with peri-implantitis. Peri-implantitis is most often manifested in patients with bruxism and tobacco smoking habit. Other factors associated with the etiology of peri-implant diseases include presence of cement excess and operator's clinical experience. Bone quality and quantity, poor oral hygiene, smoking, bruxism, occlusal overloading, history of periodontitis and operator's experience are common local factors associated peri-implant diseases. Keywords: dental implant; osseointegration; bruxism; smoking; periodontitis.