A Comprehensive Review of the Manifestations and Pathogenesis of Zika Virus in Neonates and Adults

Hussain, Azhar; Ali, Farwa; Latiwesh, Omar B; Hussain, Sheharyar

doi:10.7759/cureus.3290

Cited by 30 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Such complications include congenital microcephaly, optic neuropathy, congenital glaucoma, ventriculomegaly, and lissencephaly (de Araújo et al 2016;Baud et al 2017). Investigations on neonatal pathogenesis with in vitro and in vivo models indicate destruction of neuroprogenitors and neural cells by the presence of inflammatory molecules (Hussain et al 2018).…”

Section: Clinical Features Complications and Mechanism Of Neuropathmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zika virus: an emerging challenge to public health worldwide

Sharma

Dhull

et al. 2020

Can. J. Microbiol.

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Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne virus that was first isolated from Zika forest, Uganda, in 1947. Since its inception, major and minor outbreaks have been documented from several parts of world. Aedes spp. mosquitoes are the primary vectors of ZIKV, but the virus can also be transmitted through sexual practices, materno-fetal transmission, and blood transfusion. The clinical presentations of symptomatic ZIKV infections are similar to dengue and chikungunya, including fever, headache, arthralgia, retro-orbital pain, conjunctivitis, and rash. ZIKV often causes mild illness in the majority of cases, but in some instances, it is linked with congenital microcephaly and autoimmune disorders like Guillain–Barré syndrome. The recent Indian ZIKV outbreak suggests that the virus is circulating in the South East Asian region and may cause new outbreaks in future. At present, no specific vaccines or antivirals are available to treat ZIKV, so management and control of ZIKV infections rely mostly on preventive measures.

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Section: Clinical Features Complications and Mechanism Of Neuropathmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zika virus: an emerging challenge to public health worldwide

Sharma

Dhull

et al. 2020

Can. J. Microbiol.

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“…It is an enveloped virus measuring about 50 nm in diameter with a non-segmented, positive single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) genome ( Figure 2). The genome is made up around of 11 kb with a single open reading frame that codes structural proteins: Capsid (C), Envelope (E), precursor membrane (prM); and non-structural proteins (NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, and NS5) [47] (Figure 2). The first ZIKV isolate was identified in primates in 1947 in Uganda Protectorate in a program for surveillance of yellow fever in primates [48].…”

Section: Flavivirus and Zikv Featuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Cellular Impact of the ZIKA Virus on Male Reproductive Tract Immunology and Physiology

Almeida

Braz-de-Melo

Santos

et al. 2020

Cells

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Zika virus (ZIKV) has been reported by several groups as an important virus causing pathological damage in the male reproductive tract. ZIKV can infect and persist in testicular somatic and germ cells, as well as spermatozoa, leading to cell death and testicular atrophy. ZIKV has also been detected in semen samples from ZIKV-infected patients. This has huge implications for human reproduction. Global scientific efforts are being applied to understand the mechanisms related to arboviruses persistency, pathogenesis, and host cellular response to suggest a potential target to develop robust antiviral therapeutics and vaccines. Here, we discuss the cellular modulation of the immunologic and physiologic properties of the male reproductive tract environment caused by arboviruses infection, focusing on ZIKV. We also present an overview of the current vaccine effects and therapeutic targets against ZIKV infection that may impact the testis and male fertility.

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“…Its is important to highlight that that the symptoms of ZIKV infection, both in men and women, are often mild and infrequent [4,15,57,58]. There is still uncertainty if the symptoms can be addressed as reliable indicators of vertical transmission or disease severity [59][60][61]. Other infections that lead to congenital malformation, such as cytomegalovirus, also have a high number of asymptomatic cases, but, when present, symptoms might indicate an adverse outcome [62].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Another piece on the Zika puzzle: assessing the associated factors to microcephaly in a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Gallo

Martínez-Cajas

Peixoto

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Although it is known that Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy may lead to microcephaly in the foetus, the risk factors associated to this tragic disorder remain unclear. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis toto assess risk factors associated with the incidence of microcephaly in congenital ZIKV infection. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive search in Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid MEDLINE (R) Epub ahead of print, Embase, Embase Classic, Web of Science, CINAHL, Cochrane CENTRAL, LILACS and various thesis databases to identify human studies reporting microcephaly associated with congenital ZIKV infection. We requested primary data from authors of the studies included in this review to calculate summary estimates and conduct meta-analysis of the most prevalent factors. Results: We screened 4,106 titles and abstracts, and identified 12 studies for inclusion in the systematic review. The assessment of ZIKV infection and the definition of microcephaly varied among studies. A total of 6,154 children/foetuses were enrolled; of those, 1,120 (18.20%) had a diagnostic of ZIKV infection, of which 509 (45.45%) were diagnosed with microcephaly. Nine studies addressed the link between congenital ZIKV infection and neurological findings in foetuses/ children. Half of the studies provided primary data. Two out of eleven factors of interest were associated with microcephaly: infant’s sex – males presented a higher risk of microcephaly compared to females (RR 1.30, 95% CI 1.14, 1.49); and the stage of pregnancy when infection occurred - infection in the first trimester of pregnancy had a higher risk of microcephaly (RR 1.41, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.82), compared to infection at other stages of pregnancy. Conclusion: Our findings support the female-biased resistance hypothesis and reinforce the risk associated with the stage of pregnancy when Zika virus infection occurs. Continued surveillance of ZIKV during pregnancy is needed to identify additional factors that could contribute to developing microcephaly in affected foetuses.

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A Comprehensive Review of the Manifestations and Pathogenesis of Zika Virus in Neonates and Adults

Cited by 30 publications

References 43 publications

Zika virus: an emerging challenge to public health worldwide

Zika virus: an emerging challenge to public health worldwide

The Cellular Impact of the ZIKA Virus on Male Reproductive Tract Immunology and Physiology

Another piece on the Zika puzzle: assessing the associated factors to microcephaly in a systematic review and meta-analysis.

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