A comprehensive review of the selection of natural and synthetic antioxidants to enhance the oxidative stability of biodiesel

Romola, C.V. Jemima; Meganaharshini, M.; Rigby, Sean P.; Moorthy, I. Ganesh; Kumar, R. Mohan; Sankar, Karthikumar

doi:10.1016/j.rser.2021.111109

Cited by 53 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 91 publications

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“…Rapid and sustainable development of the economy has created increasingly severe energy and environmental problems, and there is an urgent need for a renewable green energy to replace petrochemical diesel fuel. − Due to its biodegradability, nontoxicity, low cost, and direct use in internal combustion engines, biodiesel has become one of the most discussed liquid biofuels. − Transesterification, as well as esterification, is a common chemical reaction for the preparation of biodiesel. , At present, homogeneous catalysts (NaOH and H 2 SO 4 ) and heterogeneous catalysts (solid acid, solid base, etc.) are used for the preparation of biodiesel by transesterification or esterification. − Among them, heterogeneous catalysts have been widely studied due to the advantages of high activity, advanced yield, and satisfactory reusability. − Recently, synthesized biochar substrate catalysts have also been widely applied in the preparation of biodiesel because of their low cost, stability, and other favorable surface characteristics. , …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Advances in the Utilization of Biochar-Derived Catalysts for Biodiesel Production

Zhao

et al. 2023

ACS Omega

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Biochar, obtained from the thermal decomposition of different biomass sources, can be used in various scientific technologies by virtue of its distinguishing performance. Recent developments in advanced biochar synthesis methods have led to continuous growth in the literature related to bulk biochar products and synthesized biochar substrates. This review specifically summarizes the current advanced methods for the synthesis of functional biochar catalysts and applications in (trans)esterification. Herein, first the method and design of synthesized biochar substrate catalysts are briefly introduced. Second, the applications of these synthesized biochar substrate catalysts upon (trans)esterification are comprehensively discussed. Finally, the current research status and the future perspectives of the synthesized biochar substrate catalyst are presented. It is expected that this summary will provide perspectives and instructions for future work on synthesized biochar catalysts for biodiesel products.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Advances in the Utilization of Biochar-Derived Catalysts for Biodiesel Production

Zhao

et al. 2023

ACS Omega

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“…The stability of B100 and its blends with hydrocarbon fuels can be enhanced with the use of antioxidant additives that act as radical scavengers, shutting down oxidation. ,− Naturally occurring antioxidants such as α-tocopherol have been found to be less effective than synthetic antioxidants. ,, Antioxidant effectiveness is a rating of the increase in IP per unit of compound added; higher effectiveness means that a lower dose rate is required to reach a target IP value . There have been numerous studies on the response of biodiesel and biodiesel blends’ IPs to common antioxidants. − Synthetic antioxidants studied for use in biodiesel have largely been hindered phenols and can be broadly categorized into polar and nonpolar, with the more polar (and hence less hydrocarbon-soluble) antioxidants being the most effective in B100 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Table provides the water solubilities and octanol–water partition coefficients (log P ow ) of the antioxidant compounds in Table to highlight their relative polarities. As shown in Table , the more polar phenolic antioxidants such as pyrogallol (PA), propyl gallate (PG), and tert -butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ) tend to be more effective in FAMEs than less polar/more hydrocarbon-soluble antioxidants such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), and α-tocopherol (Toc). ,, …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…11,21−24 Naturally occurring antioxidants such as α-tocopherol have been found to be less effective than synthetic antioxidants. 22,24,25 Antioxidant effectiveness is a rating of the increase in IP per unit of compound added; higher effectiveness means that a lower dose rate is required to reach a target IP value. 25 There have been numerous studies on the response of biodiesel and biodiesel blends' IPs to common antioxidants.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Water Contamination Impacts on Biodiesel Antioxidants and Storage Stability

Christensen

McCormick

2023

Energy Fuels

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Biodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters) can oxidize in storage to form acids and gums that negatively impact engine performance and durability. Antioxidant additives are used to increase biodiesel storage stability, and previous studies that evaluated the effectiveness of antioxidants demonstrated that more polar antioxidants tend to be the most effective (provide the largest improvement in stability per unit of antioxidant added). However, polar antioxidants have significant water solubility, and diesel fuel storage tanks are commonly contaminated with water (forming a layer of water under the fuel). This study investigates whether nonpolar antioxidants, which are less effective in dry environments, might be more effective under wet conditions simulating real-world storage. Biodiesel blends treated with polar and nonpolar antioxidants were subjected to accelerated aging using the ASTM D4625 protocol (storage at 43 °C, open to air, for up to 24 weeks) both with and without added water. Fuels treated with polar/highereffectiveness compounds and stored in contact with water (simulating water in a storage tank) or high humidity showed accelerated loss of stability compared to dry storage. The same fuel treated with a nonpolar antioxidant and stored in the same conditions did not exhibit accelerated stability loss and thus had higher storage stability over the long term despite treatment with an initially less effective additive. Analysis of the fuels during aging showed that this loss of stability was not due to oxidation but rather extraction of the polar antioxidant into the water layer. Antioxidant additives that are incompatible with wet or humid storage conditions were found to cause faster-than-anticipated loss of stability, which was preventable with use of nonpolar additives.

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“…31,32 The hull extract of Pistachia vera is proven for its oxidative stability effect on biodiesel derived from canola oil by the report of Ahanchi et al where it was shown that there was a 300% increase in the IP (initial IP, 2.0 h) after the addition of 5000 ppm hull extract. 33,34 The natural antioxidant types are cheap, eco-friendly, and more accessible from synthetic antioxidants. Additionally, synthetic antioxidants are toxic and non-biodegradable.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibitory effect of thyme oil as an antioxidant for waste cooking oil biodiesel crystallization

Uğuz

2021

Energy & Environment

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The effects of thyme oil extract as an antioxidant on crystallization properties of waste cooking oil biodiesel were investigated. The inhibitory effect was determined for ASTM D7545 standard method for biodiesel added with 1000, 2000, and 3000 ppm of additives by using oxifast device and compared with the chemical antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Inhibition time data were determined by converting the oxidation stability analysis results. The crystallization temperatures (Tcr) of the samples were determined by using a Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) technique. Tcr values of samples with antioxidants were decreased compared to the non-antioxidant biodiesel sample (B100). The order of antioxidant power was B100<B100T1<B100T2 = B100BHT1<B100BHT2<B100T3<B100BHT3. The solid fat content (SFC %) values were determined with different antioxidant concentrations versus different times. The minimum SFC % was determined in B100T3 and B100BHT3 in 3000 ppm antioxidant concentrations in 720 min. DSC results show that the crystallization onset temperatures for B100, B100T3, and B100BHT3 were −51.83 °C, −53.59 °C, and −54.15 °C, respectively. The kinetics of crystallization was determined and k and n values were calculated. The addition of thyme oil extract as a natural antioxidant has a positive effect on biodiesel oxidative stability for all concentrations.

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A comprehensive review of the selection of natural and synthetic antioxidants to enhance the oxidative stability of biodiesel

Cited by 53 publications

References 91 publications

Review of Advances in the Utilization of Biochar-Derived Catalysts for Biodiesel Production

Review of Advances in the Utilization of Biochar-Derived Catalysts for Biodiesel Production

Water Contamination Impacts on Biodiesel Antioxidants and Storage Stability

Inhibitory effect of thyme oil as an antioxidant for waste cooking oil biodiesel crystallization

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