A Comprehensive Review of Wetting Transition Mechanism on the Surfaces of Microstructures from Theory and Testing Methods

Wang, Xiao; Fang, Cheng; Zhang, Chunlai; Qiu, Zhengyao; Wang, Bo

doi:10.3390/ma15144747

Cited by 28 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 120 publications

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“…A re‐entrant structure has an oversized top and a smaller bottom, allowing it to repel a droplet. [ 26 ] At first, some straightforward “re‐entrant” designs, such as inverse trapezoidal microstructures, showed improved omniphobicity but could not retain a stable hydrophobic state. [ 27 ] “Fractal structure” is another re‐entrant geometry that exhibits self‐similarity and non‐integer dimensions in all scale lengths, Figure G.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many reviews have discussed the superhydrophobicity/ hydrophilicity as well as their robustness, designs, and practical applications. [22,26,31] Superoleophobic surfaces with re-entrant geometry have been reviewed regarding their design, fabrication progress, and applications. [32] An amphiphobic surface shows low affinity to both water and oils.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Re‐Entrant Microstructures for Robust Liquid Repellent Surfaces

Nguyen

Kashaninejad

2023

Adv Materials Technologies

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nano-and microstructures on these surfaces. The anisotropic dewetting behavior of rice leaves and the self-cleaning ability of lotus leaves are two typical examples related to hydrophobicity. [3] In the past decades, a large number of biomimetic functional materials with controlled wettability has been explored for practical applications such as self-cleaning windows, [4] drag reduction, [5] surface treatment of medical devices, [6] waterproof clothes and textiles, [6] anti-corrosion, [7] anti-freezing, [8] heat transfer enhancement, [9] micro/ nanofluidic devices, [10] anti-biofouling surfaces, [11] and transparent self-cleaning surfaces for photovoltaics. [12] On the other hand, hydrophilic or water-loving surfaces are desired in some other applications, such as microfluidics, anti-fogging, liquid separation, or heat transfer. [13] Therefore, many efforts have been conducted to make controllable wetting structures. However, the stability of hydrophobic surface structures remains a significant difficulty, as they may become wet and lose the slip effect due to pollution, [14] air diffusion, [15] external pressure, [16] gravity, [17] vibrations, [16a,18] evaporation, [19] and impacts. [7b] Recently, it has been experimentally and theoretically discovered that the tip shape of pillars is a critical factor contributing to hydrophobic stability. Pillars with mushroom-like structures tend to improve this stability better than those with concave, spherical, or flat tips. [20] The underlying reason is that the net force directed upward competes with the internal pressure so that surfaces do not get wet, thanks to the tip formed on the top of the mushroom-like structure. [21] Oleophilic surfaces can attract oils or organic liquids. Oleophobicity refers to the property of surfaces with low affinity to oils. Oleophilic, oil-loving, surfaces have been known to have disastrous effects, for example, corrosion of oil pipelines, less self-cleaning ability of leaves, and swelling of elastomeric seals. [22] Therefore, we need omniphobic surface which could repel both polar and non-polar liquids. [23] Realizing the significance of superoleophobic surfaces, scientists developed surfaces with unusual patterns, such as re-entrant or negative-slope structures, to achieve a stable liquid-repellent state. [21a] The reentrant structure was first inspired by springtail, Figure 1. [24] The skin of this animal possesses an oil-repellent ability that protects its skin-breathing body against suffocation by complete Superhydrophobic surfaces have many interesting applications because of their self-cleaning, waterproof, anti-biofouling, anti-corrosion, and lowadhesion properties. Accordingly, numerous surfaces with hierarchical micro/ nanostructures are designed and engineered to achieve superhydrophobicity. However, these surfaces have two major problems. First, they lose superhydrophobic properties over time, primarily because of environmental conditions such as vibration, external pressure, evaporation, and pollution. Second, most su...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Re‐Entrant Microstructures for Robust Liquid Repellent Surfaces

Nguyen

Kashaninejad

2023

Adv Materials Technologies

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“…Due to their critical prerequisites for the realization of self-cleaning, water repellency, and anti-sticking capabilities, the wetting properties of microstructure surfaces have attracted enormous attention in recent years. 1–3 The molecular interactions between the liquid and the solid surface, which take place at the micro- and nanoscales, largely define the wettability statement. Since 1805, Young's equation has been used to describe wettability on a smooth surface.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While the W and C–B models measure the static contact angle with a solid phase area fraction over the whole surface, their assumptions are not necessarily satisfied for heterogeneous surfaces with complex microstructures. 2 Kim et al presented the effects of three types of patterns on surface hydrophobicity with an experimental method. 6 McHale described that the roughness ratio of the W model and frictional contact area are valid only when the surface is isotropic all over with uniform morphology.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proportional scaling molecular dynamics simulations of the wetting experiments of water droplets on ink-patterned printing paper

Wang,

Chen,

Zhang

et al. 2023

RSC Adv.

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“…Different techniques exist in the literature to characterize the wetting efficiency of liquids inside micronanopatterned surfaces, such as ATR-FTIR (Attenuated Total Reflectance-FTIR) [11], and EIS (Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy) [12], which enable real-time monitoring of the wetting phenomenon of the liquid [13,14,15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indirect nanoscale characterization of polymer photoresist wetting using ultra-high frequency acoustic waves

Salhab,

Carlier,

Toubal

et al. 2023

Phys. Scr.

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The wetting of surfaces with patterns in the order of a hundred nanometers is often a complex phenomenon to analyze and control. In the semiconductor industry, whether it is during the surface cleaning steps or the deposition of the protective mask (photosensitive liquid resin that is then cross-linked), the conformity of the deposit of the liquid layer on the patterned surface must be perfect or else the functionality of the targeted electronic component will be compromised. Thus, understanding the surface wetting of these liquids allows the implementation of optimized processes. In this paper, we present a method of indirect wetting characterization of a photoresist based on ultra-high frequency (# GHz) acoustic waves. This resin is a commercial product called GKR 4602 (belonging to the KrF series of positive photoresists), which is coated in two different ways: either directly onto the surface of a patterned silicon wafer, or after application of a solvent, Propylene Glycol Ethyl Ether (PGEE), which then acts as a pre-wetting layer. The patterned wafer, playing the role of electrical insulation (Deep Trench Isolation, DTI) are 200 nm wide, deep trenches with a high aspect ratio (> 50). The originality of this paper lies in the validation of the acoustic characterization by direct observation of the wetting of the cross-linked resin. To do so, we used a FIB (Focused Ion Beam) microscope which allowed us to make cuts and capture localized images of the wetting state of the photoresist. Moreover, all the results obtained (resins and patterned silicon surfaces) are directly from the microelectronics industry (STMicroelectronics), showing that our method is fully compatible with an industrial approach.

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A Comprehensive Review of Wetting Transition Mechanism on the Surfaces of Microstructures from Theory and Testing Methods

Cited by 28 publications

References 120 publications

Re‐Entrant Microstructures for Robust Liquid Repellent Surfaces

Re‐Entrant Microstructures for Robust Liquid Repellent Surfaces

Proportional scaling molecular dynamics simulations of the wetting experiments of water droplets on ink-patterned printing paper

Indirect nanoscale characterization of polymer photoresist wetting using ultra-high frequency acoustic waves

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