A Comprehensive Review on Bio-Based Materials for Chronic Diabetic Wounds

Abstract

Globally, millions of people suffer from poor wound healing, which is associated with higher mortality rates and higher healthcare costs. There are several factors that can complicate the healing process of wounds, including inadequate conditions for cell migration, proliferation, and angiogenesis, microbial infections, and prolonged inflammatory responses. Current therapeutic methods have not yet been able to resolve several primary problems; therefore, their effectiveness is limited. As a result of their remarkable properties, bio-based materials have been demonstrated to have a significant impact on wound healing in recent years. In the wound microenvironment, bio-based materials can stimulate numerous cellular and molecular processes that may enhance healing by inhibiting the growth of pathogens, preventing inflammation, and stimulating angiogenesis, potentially converting a non-healing environment to an appropriately healing one. The aim of this present review article is to provide an overview of the mechanisms underlying wound healing and its pathophysiology. The development of bio-based nanomaterials for chronic diabetic wounds as well as novel methodologies for stimulating wound healing mechanisms are also discussed.

Cellulose/Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework (ZIF-8) Composites with Antibacterial Properties for the Management of Wound Infections

“…The theoretical values are 14.0% and 9.3 wt % for Cell@ZIF-8 and Cell2@ZIF-8, respectively. 3 Based on the Zn wt % content. 4 Sheet size: 52 × 74 mm.…”

“…Cellulose (g) Zn(OAc)2•2H2O(g) 1 2-HmIM (g) 1 Zn (wt %) 2 ZIF-8 (wt %) 3 Cell@ZIF-8 4 2.50 2.30 8.60 9.1 ± 0.4 38.2 ± 0.4 Cell2@ZIF-8 5 5.00 2.30 8.60 8.5 ± 0.4 30.2 ± 0.4 1 Zn(OAc)2•2H2O 0.0759 M and 2-HmIM 0.759 M with respect to the final volume employed in the preparation (138 mL). 2 Measured using ICP analysis on the activated samples.…”

“…ZIF-8 (wt %) S LAN (m 2 /g) 1 S BET (m 2 /g) 2 V TOTAL (cm 3 /g) 3 Cell@ZIF-8 38.2 ± 0.4 662 ± 1 660 ± 16 0.25 Cell2@ZIF-8 30.2 ± 0.4 455 ± 1 451 ± 15 0.18 1 Langmuir surface area. 2 surface area calculated using BET.…”

“…[38]. 3 Staphylococcus species resistant to oxacillin were declared, by convention, methicillin-resistant (MRSE). 4 Pseudomonass species defined MDR (multidrug) as resistant to at least three agents from a variety of antibiotic classes.…”

Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Potential of Hot Water Extracts of Mulberry Leaves

“…I nflammation is a complex and dynamic response that can be defined by heat (hyperemia), redness (erythema), swelling (exudation), pain and loss of function (Placha and Jampilek, 2021;Pei et al, 2023). It is of two basic types: Acute that starts rapidly, becomes severe in a short time and chronic inflammation that is slow and cause many chronic diseases (Ginwala et al, 2019).…”