A Comprehensive Review on Electric Vehicle: Battery Management System, Charging Station, Traction Motors

Abstract

Electric vehicles (EVs) are widespread, and their usage is increasing as a result of air pollution and rising fuel costs. EVs are quickly gaining popularity as a green means of transportation. By 2030, most cars will probably be battery-powered EVs. However, the development of EV power transmission is packed with important challenges and is an active topic of research. In EVs, the battery serves to store electrical energy. The DC-DC converter provides a direct current (DC) link between the battery and the inverter. A motor provides the transmission for the vehicle's motion. Hence, this state-of-the-art provides exhaustive information about battery management systems (BMS), power electronics converters, and motors. Lithiumion batteries are more efficient for EV applications, and boost converters and full bridge converters are commonly used in EVs. EVs use permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) and induction motors (IM). The renewable energy-based charging station and the fast charging specifications are also clearly addressed for EV applications. INDEX TERMSElectric vehicle, BMS, power converters, motors, charging station, cyber security. NOMENCLATURE ABBREVIATION BLDC Brushless DC Motor. BMS Battery Management Systems. CO Carbon monoxide. CO 2 Carbon dioxide. DC Direct Current. EVs Electric Vehicles. EIS Electro-chemical impedance spectroscopy. ESS Energy storage systems. FC Fuel cell. HEVs Hybrid Electric Vehicles. IM Induction Motor.The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and approving it for publication was Ramazan Bayindir .

Battery Energy Storage Systems: A Review of Energy Management Systems and Health Metrics

“…The technology and performance of future battery chemistry like sodium batteries, flow batteries, high-temperature batteries, and fuel cell batteries are covered in [20,30]. Similar cost, life cycle, energy density, power density, and efficiency of lead-acid, nickel cadmium, and lithium-ion batteries are compared in [31], listing lithium-ion as the best performing at the expense of cost. 65-75 [20] 20-35 [33] 200-400 [29] 140-300 [29] 160-275 [29] 25-33 [29] 55-65 [29] Power Density (W/L) 10-400 [29] 80-600 [29] 250-1000 [34] 60-110 [20] 70-100 [33] 1500-10,000 [29] 140-300 [29] 150-270 [29] 1-2 [29] 1-25 [29] Cell Nominal Voltage (V) 2 [29] 1.3 [29] 1.2 [32] 1.67 [33] 1.18 [33] 4.3 [29] 2.08 [29] 2.85-3.1 [35] 1.4 [29] 1.8 [29] Round Operating Temperature −20-60 [33] −40-60 [33] −20-60 [33] −20-60 [33] −40-60 [33] −20-60 [33] 300-350 [36] −70-100 [37] 10-40 [38] 20-50 [39] Charge Life Cycle 1500 [29] 2500 [29] 800-1200 [32] 200-400…”

“…Event-driven ADCs [27] Primary, secondary architecture, FPGA centralized and decentralized architecture [53,54,67,69] Cell balancing, overvoltage protection, and thermal protection, liquid cooling, Charging/discharging control, fault diagnosis and detection, battery state estimation, thermal isolation, and battery pressure release [8,9,20,29,31,34,[54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62]77] Mitigating cyber attacks [66] Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) [68] Blockchain, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, digital twins, vehicle-to-grid (V2G), big data [20,21,64,65,[71][72][73][74][75][76] Reconfiguration, self-reconfigurable multicell batteries [70,80] Demand response, demand-side management, grid management [3,78,81,83] Economic operation and security, energy arbitrage, battery operation cost minimization, minimizing power loss, battery scheduling, life cycle operating and storage cost optimization [79,82,[84][85]<...…”

“…High-performance methods with switches, inductors, and diodes are significantly more expensive. The BMS presented in [31] has all the major functionalities like charging, cell balancing, state estimation, thermal management, and fault detection. The functionality of traction motor control is also discussed extensively with a cost performance analysis.…”

“…The functionality of traction motor control is also discussed extensively with a cost performance analysis. A performance comparison of EV motor con-figurations is also described in [31]. In [19], the author presents the future trends in BMSs, which should include increasing accuracy and meeting real-time demands, considering vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology and emerging technologies such as 5G, increasing BMS bandwidth, and using big data and cloud computing [64,65].…”

Analysis of isolated phase windings and permanent magnet assists high energy efficient hybrid‐reluctance motor for electric vehicle

“…Block Lanczos analysis is used to perform modal analysis on the suggested electric motor in order to calculate the natural harmonics of its vibrations [16,17]. Figure 14 from the study of vibrations shows that the first and second mode displacements are concentrated at the yoke's extremities.…”