A comprehensive review on evaporative cooling systems

Kapilan, N.; Isloor, Arun M.; Karinka, Shashikantha

doi:10.1016/j.rineng.2023.101059

Cited by 38 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 112 publications

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“…One barrier to their success as a sustainable alternative to AC, however, is the possibility of infiltration of outdoor PM 2.5 and its associated health effects. Prior research on ECs primarily focuses on system efficiencies such as air flow rate and pressure drop, water consumption, heat and mass transfer, and degradation of pad materials [52][53][54]. Our findings suggest a need for studies focused on EC design specifically to decrease infiltration of particle-phase pollutants.…”

Section: Supplementary Materialsmentioning

confidence: 87%

Infiltration of Outdoor PM2.5 Pollution into Homes with Evaporative Coolers in Utah County

Sonntag,

Jung,

Harline

et al. 2023

Sustainability

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Global use of energy-inefficient mechanical vapor-compression air conditioning (AC) is increasing dramatically for home cooling. Direct evaporative coolers (EC) offer substantial energy savings, and may provide a sustainable alternative to AC for homes in hot, dry climates. One drawback of ECs is the potential for infiltration of outdoor air pollution into homes. Prior studies on this topic are limited by small sample sizes and a lack of comparison homes. In this study, we used aerosol photometers to sample indoor and outdoor fine particulate matter (PM2.5) from 16 homes with AC and 14 homes with EC in Utah County, Utah (USA) between July 2022 and August 2023. We observed a significantly larger infiltration factor (Fin) of outdoor PM2.5 in EC vs. AC homes (0.39 vs. 0.12, p = 0.026) during summer. Fin significantly increased during a wildfire smoke event that occurred during the study. During the wildfire event, EC homes offered little to no protection from outdoor PM2.5 (Fin = 0.96, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.85, 1.07), while AC homes offered significant protection (Fin = 0.23, 95% CI 0.15, 0.32). We recommend additional research focused on cooling pad design for the dual benefits of cooling efficiency and particle filtration.

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Section: Supplementary Materialsmentioning

confidence: 87%

Infiltration of Outdoor PM2.5 Pollution into Homes with Evaporative Coolers in Utah County

Sonntag,

Jung,

Harline

et al. 2023

Sustainability

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“…Generally, windy conditions would cause less heat stress. The wind would be improve the water evaporation 59 , which is cooling effective 60 , reducing www.nature.com/scientificreports/ heat stress. In other words, people would feel cool under warm if being windy 61 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating the impact of a large river and its surrounding contextual conditions on pedestrians’ summer thermal perceptions in a Cfa-climate city

Liu,

Wang,

Zhang

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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Thermal comfort studies are usually employed to find subjective thermal responses [indicated by neutral temperature (NT), i.e. the temperature with no thermal stress] of residents from a region towards thermal environments. According to the recently published works in the literature, NTs are affected by many factors, such as geographical location and microenvironments. To elucidate the origins of these effects, the impact of microenvironment elements around a water surface on pedestrians’ thermal perceptions was systematically investigated in this work. The Fujiang River (FJR) in Mianyang City was taken as the sample site. The municipal meteorology station is located next to the site by around 2.5 km. By performing meteorology measurements combining questionnaires, it was found that the riverside NT (indicated by physiologically equivalent temperature, PET) of Mianyang in the summer of 2023 was 21.4 °C. The relationship between the distance from the water (DFW) and NT was quadratic linear. The same phenomenon took place by using either PET or Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) indexes. Meanwhile, the meteorological contexts also affected NTs, including relative humidity (RH) and air velocity (Va). Regarding RH, the NPET increased from 15.2 °C (RH = 50%) to 26.9 °C (RH = 90%). In contrast, the NPET dropped from 23.0 to − 50.6 °C when the Va increased from 0.2 to 2.5 m/s, respectively. From our analysis, it was demonstrated that human thermal responses are significantly affected by both the microenvironmental and meteorological backgrounds around the water surface. Our work provides valuable insights for the proper use of water surfaces in urban design for adjusting thermal comfort.

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“…EC can be categorized into three distinct types, as illustrated in Figure 2, each based on its operational principle: direct evaporative cooling (DEC), indirect evaporative cooling (IEC), and dew-point evaporative cooling (DPEC) [37]. Further classification reveals that DEC can be divided into active and passive types based on energy consumption, while IEC and DPEC can be categorized into counter-flow and cross-flow, distinguishing them by different methods of air inlet.…”

Section: Classifications and Principles Of Ecmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comprehensive Review of the Applications of Hybrid Evaporative Cooling and Solar Energy Source Systems

Xue,

Wan,

Huang

et al. 2023

Sustainability

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Recent advancements in single-stage evaporative cooling (EC) have showcased their effectiveness as an energy-efficient and sustainable air-conditioning (AC) solution. However, several challenges hinder the widespread adoption of EC in various applications. These challenges include climate sensitivity, substantial spatial requirements, and limitations in achieving desired output temperatures. To address these concerns, there has been a growing focus on integrating EC with solar energy (SE) systems. With traditional energy resources being depleted, the use of SE has gained prominence as a sustainable solution to meet future energy demands while mitigating environmental pollution. This paper presents a comprehensive review of hybrid EC–SE systems, aiming to elucidate the potential synergies, benefits, and challenges associated with this integration. The review explores the principles and mathematical approaches of various configurations of EC systems to assess their compatibility with SE sources. Furthermore, the review delves into the mathematical model of SE, encompassing both solar power generation and thermal collectors, with the aim of integrating it into the EC model. It delves into key aspects of energy consumption and performance, showcasing advancements in achieving higher efficiency and enhanced cooling capacity through the hybrid systems. Additionally, the review highlights research gaps in the existing literature, emphasizing the need for further exploration in this interdisciplinary field. In conclusion, this paper offers valuable insights into the potential of EC–SE systems to address energy and cooling requirements while promoting sustainable development.

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A comprehensive review on evaporative cooling systems

Cited by 38 publications

References 112 publications

Infiltration of Outdoor PM2.5 Pollution into Homes with Evaporative Coolers in Utah County

Infiltration of Outdoor PM2.5 Pollution into Homes with Evaporative Coolers in Utah County

Investigating the impact of a large river and its surrounding contextual conditions on pedestrians’ summer thermal perceptions in a Cfa-climate city

A Comprehensive Review of the Applications of Hybrid Evaporative Cooling and Solar Energy Source Systems

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