A comprehensive review on structural tsunami countermeasures

Abstract

Tsunamis pose a substantial threat to coastal communities around the globe. To counter their effects, several hard and soft mitigation measures are applied, the choice of which essentially depends on regional expectations, historical experiences and economic capabilities. These countermeasures encompass hard measures to physically prevent tsunami impacts such as different types of seawalls or offshore breakwaters, as well as soft measures such as long-term tsunami hazard assessment, tsunami education, evacuation plans, early-warning systems or coastal afforestation. Whist hard countermeasures generally aim at reducing the inundation level and distance, soft countermeasures focus mainly on enhanced resilience and decreased vulnerability or nature-based wave impact mitigation. In this paper, the efficacy of hard countermeasures is evaluated through a comprehensive literature review. The recent large-scale tsunami events facilitate the assessment of performance characteristics of countermeasures and related damaging processes by in-situ observations. An overview and comparison of such damages and dependencies are given and new approaches for mitigating tsunami impacts are presented.

Tsunami-like Flow-Induced Forces on the Landward Structure behind a Vertical Seawall with and without Recurve Using OpenFOAM

“…In the 2011 Tohoku tsunami and the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, the vertical sea wall played a significant role in protecting the inland structures by reducing the tsunami inundation. During the 2011 Tohoku tsunami, in many locations along the coasts, the tsunami surge overtopped the sea wall, where inundation depth was over 10 m and hit the structures behind the seawall [23][24][25][26]. Even in overtopped conditions, seawalls reduced the building damage during the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami in Thailand [27,28].…”

Development of the global tsunami forecasting system considering the dynamic interaction of tide-tsunami around the Korean Peninsula

“…Secondly, the presence of mitigation structures constructed along the Korean coasts further complicates the influence of tides. Oetjen et al (2022) conducted a comprehensive review on gray structures, such as seawalls and offshore breakwaters, to physically prevent tsunami impacts by reducing the inundation level, and green structures to focus on coastal resilience, vulnerable reduction, and nature-based solutions for tsunami mitigation. Moreover, Gijsman et al (2021) have demonstrated that countermeasures, such as mangroves, can significantly impact arrival times, inundation depths, and maximum run-up in inland areas.…”

Perlukah Sistem Mitigasi Hibrid Untuk Bencana Tsunami?: Sebuah Tinjauan Literatur

“…Namun, hal tersebut dapat meningkatkan bahaya jika terjadi kegagalan atau memungkinkan overtopping/limpasan. Meskipun tembok laut memiliki potensi yang signifikan untuk melindungi wilayah pesisir dari kejadian gelombang tsunami, penerapannya membutuhkan biaya yang cukup besar dan memberikan kesan keamanan palsu karena mengurangi kemauan atau kesiapsiagaan masyarakat untuk mengungsi (Oetjen et al, 2022).…”