A comprehensive review on synthesis, chemical kinetics, and practical application of ammonia as future fuel for combustion

Berwal, Pragya; Kumar, Sudarshan; Khandelwal, Bhupendra

doi:10.1016/j.joei.2021.10.001

Cited by 150 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…Distributed combustion mode is a promising technique to achieve the low NOx emission standards as well . Another method for NOx reduction in ammonia air flames can be achieved by raising inlet pressure as chemical kinetics has shown decrement in the NO concentration with a rise in the pressure [5]. For this last method, MILD combustion could be a positive and useful approach for improving the emitting behavior about NOx, as discussed in the next section.…”

Section: Ammonia As a Fuel For Internal Combustion Enginesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The use of ammonia as a hydrogen carrier appears even more attractive if we consider that, in future, ammonia could be obtained simply from H 2 O and N 2 by processes electrochemical, energetically less expensive than the Haber-Bosch process and totally free from the use of fossil fuels. In this process, not only the production, but also the combustion of ammonia brings with it various technological challenges; they are linked to high autoignition temperature, low combustion speed, narrow flammability limits and finally to the high latent heat of vaporization (cooling effect) [5]. In this paper the main aspects and advantages of using ammonia as a fuel for internal combustion engines are presented.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…NOx emission ( ppm) by various fuels at 298 K and 1 atm initial condition[5] As reported in table 2, NOx emissions from ammonia combustion are in a very wide range depending on initial condition, combustion temperature and abatement techniques.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ammonia as a fuel for internal combustion engines: latest advances and future challenges

Langella

Joannon²,

Sabia³

et al. 2022

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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The use of ammonia as a fuel still poses a series of challenges to be overcome, both in terms of optimization and energy efficiency of the production process, and with regard to its combustion in internal combustion engines. The two main obstacles along this way are undoubtedly the high ignition temperature and the low propagation speed of the flame front due to the slow chemical kinetics of ammonia combustion process. All these issues lead to the need to use this fuel in blended mode with other more “easy burning” fuels. This need is even more felt in cases of non-stationary combustion, such as for alternative internal combustion engines but, on the other hand, it can determine an increase in engine efficiency. In this work, these ammonia technological constraints are exposed and discussed, outlining the most recent technological solutions and those under development, which will allow an increasingly widespread use of this energy carrier as a fuel in internal combustion engines. Finally, the environmental aspects related to the greater potential emission of NOx and the techniques to limit their occurrence are analyzed.

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Section: Ammonia As a Fuel For Internal Combustion Enginesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Ammonia as a fuel for internal combustion engines: latest advances and future challenges

Langella

Joannon²,

Sabia³

et al. 2022

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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“…(3) High NOx concentration is emitted during NH 3 combustion because of its nature of containing-N. , In general, cocombustion of NH 3 blending with other fuels is an effective way to improve combustion performance and reduce NOx emissions. The common blended fuels are NH 3 /H 2 , NH 3 /CH 4 , NH 3 /gasoline, NH 3 /pulverized coal, etc. ,− Therefore, pulverized coal/NH 3 cocombustion is of great practical significance in large-scale CO 2 -reduced emission.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computational Study on Cocombustion Characteristics of Pulverized Coal Blending with NH₃ under Moderate or Intense Low-Oxygen Dilution Combustion Mode

et al. 2022

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Cocombustion technology of pulverized coal blending with NH 3 has a promising use in large-scale CO 2 reduced emission. However, the unstable flame and high NOx emissions during the cocombustion process retard its wide application. In order to overcome these limits, a new scheme of advanced moderate or intense low-oxygen dilution (MILD) combustion technology implemented in pulverized coal/NH 3 cocombustion is proposed in this work, and a numerical study on cocombustion characteristics of pulverized coal blending with different NH 3 proportions (0% ∼ 50% NH 3 , by caloric) is performed. Results show that the achievement of a pulverized coal/NH 3 MILD combustion regime is preferred at a high NH 3 case. As NH 3 proportions increase from 0 to 50%, the furnace temperatures are decreased due to the enhancement of heat transfer between flue gas and the furnace wall. The ignition time and temperature of coal particles are decreased by 52.1 and 33.0%, respectively, while the particle burnout time is prolonged by 52.3% and the char consumption rate decreases linearly. In addition, MILD combustion shows a good potential to reduce NOx conversion during pulverized coal/NH 3 cofiring. Although the proportion of NH 3 reaches up to 50%, NOx conversion ratio is only 2.1%. These results are expected to provide several new insights into stable flame and low NOx emissions of pulverized coal/NH 3 cocombustion.

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“…The use of carbon-free fuels for internal combustion (IC) engines is both a great opportunity and challenge in the global trend of decarbonizing on-and off-road internal combustion (IC) engines [1]. Ammonia, a carbonfree fuel, is a strong contender inside the pool of possible alternative fuels because of its mature production technology and easy storage and transportation [2]. Accordingly, the use of ammonia in IC engines can improve the traditional energy structure and achieve the target in reducing carbon emissions [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Conversion of Diesel Engines to Dedicated Ammonia: Lean, Stoichiometric or Rich Operation

Jinlong¹,

Liu²,

Ulishney³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Ammonia, a carbon-free fuel, can make an important contribution towards the decarbonization of on-and offroad internal combustion (IC) engines. However, the research on the ammonia use in IC engines is still in initial stages. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of the equivalence ratio on an ammonia-dedicated engine performance. To observe how the equivalence ratio of the air-ammonia mixture affects in-cylinder flame speed and the reaction pathway of pollutant formation (therefore, how it affects engine efficiency and emissions), a multi-dimensional computational fluid dynamics simulation of a single-cylinder diesel engine converted to dedicated ammonia spark ignition operation was built. The numerical results suggested that stoichiometric operation was better than lean operation for this engine. In detail, lean operation reduced the combustion efficiency and increased engine-out NOX and ammonia emissions, therefore potentially discarding the known thermal efficiency benefit of lean operation in IC engines. In addition, a rich equivalence ratio drastically reduced combustion and thermal efficiency, and increased fuel consumption rates and unburned engine-out ammonia emissions. Finally, while stoichiometric operation produced the best overall performance in terms of efficiency and emissions, attention must be paid to N2O and unburned NH3 engineout emissions.

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A comprehensive review on synthesis, chemical kinetics, and practical application of ammonia as future fuel for combustion

Cited by 150 publications

References 72 publications

Ammonia as a fuel for internal combustion engines: latest advances and future challenges

Ammonia as a fuel for internal combustion engines: latest advances and future challenges

Computational Study on Cocombustion Characteristics of Pulverized Coal Blending with NH₃ under Moderate or Intense Low-Oxygen Dilution Combustion Mode

On the Conversion of Diesel Engines to Dedicated Ammonia: Lean, Stoichiometric or Rich Operation

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A comprehensive review on synthesis, chemical kinetics, and practical application of ammonia as future fuel for combustion

Cited by 150 publications

References 72 publications

Ammonia as a fuel for internal combustion engines: latest advances and future challenges

Ammonia as a fuel for internal combustion engines: latest advances and future challenges

Computational Study on Cocombustion Characteristics of Pulverized Coal Blending with NH3 under Moderate or Intense Low-Oxygen Dilution Combustion Mode

On the Conversion of Diesel Engines to Dedicated Ammonia: Lean, Stoichiometric or Rich Operation

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Computational Study on Cocombustion Characteristics of Pulverized Coal Blending with NH₃ under Moderate or Intense Low-Oxygen Dilution Combustion Mode