A comprehensive review on the recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries: Urgent status and technology advances

Emerging green technologies for recovery and reuse of spent lithium-ion batteries – a review

“…Reproduced with permission. 30 Copyright 2022, Elsevier. (c) Recycling route of used batteries for electric vehicles.…”

A Future Perspective on Waste Management of Lithium-Ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles in Lao PDR: Current Status and Challenges

“…Afterward, wet methods are used to leach the metals and carbon black. In this method, metals or metal compounds are furtherly separated to recover pure materials from a mixed metal alloy containing Co, Ni, Cu, Li, and slag containing Li, Si, Ca, Fe, and Al, which depend on the type and composition of the battery [ 90 , 91 ]. The pyrometallurgical process is a technology that is quite successful in terms of economic models for portable LIBs that have high cobalt content and are worthy or suitable for operation.…”

“…In this process, the main procedures, such as the battery composition, are disassembled and materially separated via physical methods, and then the lithium source is replenished for compensation due to the degradation of the material during operation. Calcination or hydrothermal processes are needed for repairing the purified metals, and finally, the outcome of the process is regenerated active materials with multi-metals content [ 90 , 91 , 92 ]. The direct process has positives and negatives on the environmental and economic platforms; the uncomplicated procedure can use the materials from the final process directly and has low GHG and pollution emissions compared with pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy.…”

Start from the source: direct treatment of a degraded LiFePO4 cathode for efficient recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries

“…Therefore, LIBs based on LFP are extensively utilized in electric vehicles (EVs) and energy storage systems (ESSs), [7][8][9] and a higher demand for LFP batteries at least up to 2025 is predicted. 10 With this increased application scale, the future scenario of mass scrap of LFP LIBs has to be faced, [11][12][13][14] and it is for sure that their recycling is becoming significantly urgent and necessary.…”