A Comprehensive Review Regarding Condensation of Low-GWP Refrigerants for Some Major Alternatives of R-134a

Kumar, Abhishek; Chen, Miao-Ru; Hung, Kuo-Shu; Liu, Chung-Che; Wang, Chi-Chuan

doi:10.3390/pr10091882

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…Some of the results are not in line with each other. The condensation performance of LGWP refrigerants alternative to R-134a was recently reviewed by Kumar et al [1]. Hence, the primary objective of the present review stresses the evaporative characteristics of the HTCs and frictional pressure drop of LGWP refrigerants, with particular emphasis and comparison with some high-global warming potential (GWP) (such as R-134a, R-404A, and R-410A, etc.)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…refrigerants contain a global warming potential as high as 1300 and will be shortly banned. Note that the F-gas regulation (2015), the Montreal Protocol (1985) (IPCC AR6) and its Kigali amendment (2016) suggest that their usage should be decreased by 85% by the year 2047 due to their very high GWP [1]. In a refrigerant with no ODP, LGWP (<150) should be the first priority upon selection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The subscripts ze, zd, and yf all contain carbon-carbon double bonds, which are essential to the LGWP property. These compounds also have a shorter atmospheric lifespan [1]. Additionally, an isomer with differing physical properties is indicated by the suffixes (E: trans and Z: cis).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Comprehensive Review on the Nucleate/Convective Boiling of Low-GWP Refrigerants: Alternatives to HFC Refrigerants

2023

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This review presents the nucleate/convective boiling performance for a variety of important low global warming potential (LGWP) alternatives to commonly used high-global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants (such as R-134a, R404A, and R-410A, etc.). Efforts are stressed on the assessment of their evaporation pressure drop and heat transfer coefficient (HTC) characteristics. These alternatives include R-1234ze(Z), R-1234ze(E), R-1233zd (E), R-1234ze(E), R-410A, R-1234yf, and R-513A. The authors investigated the thermo-fluid properties within and outside a tube, mini-channel, micro-fin tube, and plate heat exchanger. The investigation of the numerical, experimental, and simulated results revealed that the evaporation pressure drop and HTC characteristics were dependent on a variety of variables. These factors include the working fluid’s thermodynamics and transport properties, the refrigerant’s mass flux, heat flux, saturation temperature, the vapor quality, the conditions and flow patterns, the orientation of the heating surface, and the geometry (shape, size, and surface area smooth/enhanced) of the heating surface. An expanded LGWP refrigerants, surfaces, and conditions database is needed. Mechanistic models may assist. These models can optimize boiling, anticipate heat transfer, and develop high-performance geometries.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Comprehensive Review on the Nucleate/Convective Boiling of Low-GWP Refrigerants: Alternatives to HFC Refrigerants

2023

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“…Traditional refrigerants may damage the atmospheric ozone layer and cause environmental pollution. There is a shift toward using green and environmentally friendly refrigerants to protect the environment . Since 1997, a series of international agreements such as Kyoto Protocol, F- Gas, and Paris Agreement have been successively implemented, gradually elevating the issues of greenhouse gas emissions and environmental conservation onto the agenda.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Refrigerant Cooling in a Battery Thermal Management System under High Temperature Conditions: A Review

Kang,

Hu,

Zhang

et al. 2024

ACS Omega

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Battery thermal management (BTM) is crucial for the lifespan and safety of batteries. Refrigerant cooling is a novel cooling technique that is being used gradually. As the core fluid of refrigerant cooling, refrigerants need to possess excellent properties while meeting environmental requirements. This paper elucidates the current state of refrigerants (single refrigerants and mixed refrigerants), synchronously summarizing them from the perspectives of refrigerant properties and refrigerant cooling (immersion and cold plate indirect). It outlines the advantages and disadvantages of single and mixed refrigerants as well as the research and development in the vehicle thermal management system (TMS). The choice of refrigerant directly affects cooling performance, and research on vehicle air conditioning (AC) systems can indirectly guide the BTM. R1234yf and R152a can directly replace R134a, while although R744 has a strong heating capacity, it cannot directly replace R134a. Specific mixed refrigerants reduce the global warming potential (GWP) and flammability issues, thereby improving system efficiency. Additionally, immersion cooling controls the temperature through container pressure. Coordinated control strategies are crucial for indirect cold plate cooling, offering broad prospects for optimizing the cold plate design and intelligent control. The selection of refrigerant and the optimal design of the cooling method greatly improve the thermal performance of the battery. This may promote the good development of BTM.

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“…HFOs have extremely low GWPs and zero ODP , making them excellent candidates to replace HFCs. In some applications, HFOs cannot be used in existing equipment as “drop-in” replacements for HFCs; therefore, blending HFOs with low-GWP HFCs and utilizing a mixture with tailored properties provides a suitable alternative for maintaining the life expectancy of the equipment. , HFC/HFO blends offer an optimal solution for current equipment; however, at the end of the equipment lifecycle, the HFC will likely have to be separated from the HFO in order to reblend the product or remove the HFC from service when new refrigeration systems are based on only HFO only refrigerants. For example, in the U.S., the EPA banned the use of HFC-134a (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, CH 2 FCF 3 ) in 2021 for the manufacture of light-duty vehicles .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Azeotropic Refrigerant Mixture R-513A Separation Using Extractive Distillation with Ionic Liquids Entrainers

Arishi,

Shiflett

2023

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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Hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) are the next generation of refrigerants that have significantly lower global warming potential (GWP) and zero ozone-depleting potential (ODP) and will function as a replacement for hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). During the transition to HFO refrigerants, a blend of HFC and HFO will be used to reduce the GWP and provide thermophysical properties that are suitable for use in replacing HFCs in existing equipment that may not be compatible or operating with the same performance with only HFOs. The formation of azeotropes in HFC/HFO blends poses a challenge when recycling and reclaiming the refrigerant. To address the problem of azeotropic mixture separation, a highly efficient separation method is required. Extractive distillation using an ionic liquid (IL) as an entrainer is proposed, offering effective separation of azeotropic mixtures. The effectiveness of ILs as an entrainer was determined by selectivity and high affinity toward one or more components of the mixture. The proper selection of the IL as an entrainer for a particular gas mixture is dictated by the purity of the products and the energy and cost of separation. Nine ILs were individually simulated in an equilibrium-based model to separate R-513A using ASPEN Plus to compare the impact of solvent choice on the separation cost. The ILs exhibited variations in overall heat duties, number of stages (N T), operating pressure (P), solvent to feed ratio (S/F), and reflux ratio (RR). The best entrainer option for the separation of R-513A was found to be 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate.

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A Comprehensive Review Regarding Condensation of Low-GWP Refrigerants for Some Major Alternatives of R-134a

Cited by 13 publications

References 85 publications

A Comprehensive Review on the Nucleate/Convective Boiling of Low-GWP Refrigerants: Alternatives to HFC Refrigerants

A Comprehensive Review on the Nucleate/Convective Boiling of Low-GWP Refrigerants: Alternatives to HFC Refrigerants

Application of Refrigerant Cooling in a Battery Thermal Management System under High Temperature Conditions: A Review

Azeotropic Refrigerant Mixture R-513A Separation Using Extractive Distillation with Ionic Liquids Entrainers

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