A comprehensive scientific overview of Garcinia cambogia

Semwal, Ruchi Badoni; Semwal, Deepak Kumar; Vermaak, Ilze; Viljoen, Alvaro

doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2015.02.012

Cited by 194 publications

(176 citation statements)

References 94 publications

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“…Of the limited data available, our findings suggest that G. cambogia is safe, consistent with a previous systematic review . More recently, however, formulations containing the active ingredient of G. cambogia , hydroxycitric acid, have exhibited hepatotoxicity . A review concluded that up to 2800 mg of hydroxycitric acid daily was safe, but this was based on small clinical trials conducted over 12 weeks.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Effectiveness of herbal medicines for weight loss: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials

Maunder

Bessell

Lauche

et al. 2020

Diabetes Obesity Metabolism

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Aim: To update the available evidence on the efficacy and safety of complementary medicines to assist in weight loss by conducting a systematic review and metaanalysis of herbal medicines for weight loss.Methods: Four electronic databases (Medline, Embase, CINAHL and Web of Science) were searched from inception until August 2018. A total of 54 randomized placebocontrolled trials of healthy overweight or obese adults were identified. Meta-analyses were conducted for herbal medicines with ≥4 studies available. Weight differences of ≥2.5 kg were considered clinically significant.Results: As a single agent, only Phaseolus vulgaris resulted in a statistically significant weight loss compared to placebo, although this was not considered clinically significant. No effect was seen for Camellia sinensis or Garcinia cambogia. Statistically, but not clinically, significant differences were observed for combination preparations containing C. sinensis, P. vulgaris or Ephedra sinica. Of the herbal medicines trialled in ≤3 randomized controlled trials, statistically and clinically significant weight loss compared to placebo was reported for Irvingia gabonensis, Cissus quadrangularis, and Sphaeranthus indicus combined with Garcinia mangostana, among others, but these findings should be interpreted cautiously because of the small number of studies, generally poor methodological quality, and poor reporting of the herbal medicine interventions. Most herbal medicines appeared safe for consumption over the short duration of the studies (commonly ≤12 weeks). Some warrant further investigation to determine effect size, dosage and long-term safety.Conclusion: There is currently insufficient evidence to recommend any of the herbal medicines for weight loss included in the present review. K E Y W O R D Sherbal medicines, meta-analysis, systematic review, weight loss

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Effectiveness of herbal medicines for weight loss: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials

Maunder

Bessell

Lauche

et al. 2020

Diabetes Obesity Metabolism

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“…3, 4 It performs competitive inhibition of ATP citrate lyase, an extra-mitochondrial enzyme which catalyzes the formation of the primary building blocks of fatty acid and cholesterol biosynthesis, oxaloacetate and acetyl coenzyme A from citrate coenzyme A. 5 Cyto-genotoxicity studies on HCA are limited and their results are often conflicting, since different investigators have used different production processes, concentrations, Garcinia sp. and sampling points; the contradictions may also be due to the structural J Explor Res Pharmacol instability of HCA, as it alters from open chain to lactone form, which is stabilized by counter ions such as potassium or calcium.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…and sampling points; the contradictions may also be due to the structural J Explor Res Pharmacol instability of HCA, as it alters from open chain to lactone form, which is stabilized by counter ions such as potassium or calcium. 5 In vivo genotoxicity studies have revealed the induction of chromosome aberration (CA), sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and micronuclei (MN). 6,7 Paradoxically, recent in vitro studies did not reveal genotoxicity but showed cytotoxicity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vitro Cyto-genotoxicity of Hydroxycitric Acid: A Weight-loss Dietary Supplement

Ghosh¹,

Mukherjee²

2017

Journal of Exploratory Research in Pharmacology

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Background/Objectives: The growing issue of clinical obesity has led to increased consumption of weight-loss dietary supplements containing hydroxycitric acid (HCA) derived from the fruit rind of Garcinia cambogia, a plant widely distributed in Asia and Africa. It is often consumed in an unregulated manner, beyond the permissible dose, to achieve the target weight-loss. However, its safety/efficacy is controversial and reports on cytotoxicity and genotoxicity are limited and inconsistent. Hence, we aimed to study the putative effects of HCA on genotoxicity in human peripheral blood cells. Methods:Human lymphocytes and erythrocytes were treated with HCA (0, 10, 20, 40 or 100 µg/mL) for 3 h or 24 h and processed for cytotoxicity and genotoxicity analyses.Results: Initial phytochemical assessment of HCA revealed the presence of high flavonoid content. Subsequent multiendpoint cyto-genotoxicity studies in human lymphocytes displayed low cytotoxicity but significant genotoxicity at higher concentrations of 40 and 100 µg/mL; these concentrations are approximately equivalent to and double the maximum permissible dose (∼2800 mg/day), respectively. Flow cytometric estimation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and mode of cell death revealed significant ROS generation at the higher concentrations, but no effect on ΔΨm and apoptosis/necrosis. Insignificant hemolysis was observed in erythrocytes. Conclusions:High flavonoid content of HCA potentially imparts pro-oxidant property, facilitating DNA damage at high concentrations. However, such genotoxicity does not lead to cell death. Therefore, HCA can be recommended for safe consumption within the permissible dose limit.

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“…It is presumed that interaction of MLG with CaOx stone may produce calcium lactate gluconate (CLG) which has a very high water solubility compared to other calcium salts (400 g/L) [11]. Another investigational agent -GC fruit aqueous extract is reported to contain a high concentration of hydroxycitric acid (HCA) [12]. It has been demonstrated that lethal dose 50% of hydroxycitrate in male and female albino rats was more than 5000 mg/kg in oral acute toxicity study [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protective effect of magnesium lactate gluconate and Garcinia cambogia fruit extract in experimentally induced renal calculi in rats

Kyada¹,

Mansuri²,

Patel³

2017

J Intercult Ethnopharmacol

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Aim: Antiurolithiatic activity of magnesium lactate gluconate (MLG) and aqueous extract of Garcinia cambogia (GC) fruit was studied. Materials and Methods: The study was performed during December 2016 to April 2017. Urolithiasis was induced in male Wistar rats by administration of 0.75% v/v ethylene glycol for 21 days. From 8 th day onward, intervention with MLG (200 and 400 mg/kg b.w.) and GC (100 and 200 mg/kg b.w.) was started. At the end of the treatment period, biochemical parameters affecting renal stone formation were estimated in the serum, urine, kidney homogenate, and histopathology of harvested kidneys was performed. Results: From in vivo evaluation, it was observed that MLG 400 mg/kg b.w., GC 100 mg/kg b.w., and GC 200 mg/kg b.w. significantly reduced nitrogenous waste products in serum (blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and uric acid) as well as calculogenic promoters in urine (phosphate and oxalate) and kidney homogenate (calcium, phosphate, and oxalate) when compared to disease control animals. The MLG 200 and MLG 400 were ineffective in restoring superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzyme activity, whereas GC 100, GC 200, and Cystone ® 400 mg/kg b.w. significantly elevated SOD and CAT enzymes in urolithiatic rat kidney. Conclusions: MLG and GC extracts are capable of preventing calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystal formation and subsequent deposition in renal tubules. The principle mechanism underlying nephroprotective effect of test drugs might be attributed to their calcium ion chelating ability and CaOx crystallization inhibitory activity. It is further asserted that GC was more potent than MLG in overall kidney protection by virtue of its antioxidant potential.

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A comprehensive scientific overview of Garcinia cambogia

Cited by 194 publications

References 94 publications

Effectiveness of herbal medicines for weight loss: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials

Effectiveness of herbal medicines for weight loss: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials

In Vitro Cyto-genotoxicity of Hydroxycitric Acid: A Weight-loss Dietary Supplement

Protective effect of magnesium lactate gluconate and Garcinia cambogia fruit extract in experimentally induced renal calculi in rats

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