A comprehensive state of the art literature survey on LFC mechanism for power system

Shankar, Ravi; Pradhan, Swastik; Chatterjee, Kalyan; Mandal, Rajasi

doi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.02.064

Cited by 204 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 370 publications

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“…In [26][27][28], frequency response models for two-area power systems considering governor dead-band (GDB) and the generation rate constraints (GRC) nonlinearities are suggested. Discussion on the reduction of the frequency response model order to reduce its complexity is presented in [25,39,41]. The LFC models of multi-source two-area power system considering nonlinearities are marked out in [37].…”

Section: Dual-area Power Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges and Opportunities of Load Frequency Control in Conventional, Modern and Future Smart Power Systems: A Comprehensive Review

et al. 2018

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Power systems are the most complex systems that have been created by men in history. To operate such systems in a stable mode, several control loops are needed. Voltage frequency plays a vital role in power systems which need to be properly controlled. To this end, primary and secondary frequency control loops are used to control the frequency of the voltage in power systems. Secondary frequency control, which is called Load Frequency Control (LFC), is responsible for maintaining the frequency in a desirable level after a disturbance. Likewise, the power exchanges between different control areas are controlled by LFC approaches. In recent decades, many control approaches have been suggested for LFC in power systems. This paper presents a comprehensive literature survey on the topic of LFC. In this survey, the used LFC models for diverse configurations of power systems are firstly investigated and classified for both conventional and future smart power systems. Furthermore, the proposed control strategies for LFC are studied and categorized into different control groups. The paper concludes with highlighting the research gaps and presenting some new research directions in the field of LFC.Energies 2018, 11, 2497 2 of 35 before triggering the under/over frequency protection relays. The primary frequency control is usually implemented by the governor droop which results in steady stated errors. The secondary frequency control, which is called load frequency control (LFC) or automatic generation control (AGC), is responsible for regulating the frequency in power systems and has two main goals: (i) maintaining the frequency into a desirable range; and (ii) controlling the interchange power through major tie-lines between the different control areas. The main task of tertiary control level is re-dispatching generating units and ancillary reserve after a sever disturbance.With increasing the penetration level of renewable resources such as wind farms and photovoltaic plants in power systems, the uncertainties of active power production is highly increased, thus determining frequency variations. Such increase in active power fluctuation, beside the demand stochasticity, the frequency of power system would be highly oscillated. Therefore, future power systems need more robust and optimal LFC approaches that can handle such problems.Many control approaches have been suggested for LFC in interconnected power systems. These approaches can be categorized into four groups: (i) classical control approaches focus on designing proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers for controlling the frequency and tie-lines power flows; (ii) modern control approaches including optimal control method, sliding mode control schemes, and adaptive control systems; (iii) intelligent control schemes, such as fuzzy control systems; and (iv) soft computing-based approaches for controllers' parameter tuning which had a considerable attention from researchers in the last decade. Survey MethodologySeveral methodologies can be followed for conduc...

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Section: Dual-area Power Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges and Opportunities of Load Frequency Control in Conventional, Modern and Future Smart Power Systems: A Comprehensive Review

et al. 2018

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“…In the study of 2 area thermal to thermal interconnected system comprises of 2 Gencos and 2 Discos. The DPM is illustrated as in equation (1). (1) where cpf denoted contract participation factor which is a per unit.…”

Section: Fig 1 Basic Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Within the restructured interconnected power system, Automatic Generation Control (AGC) is considered as the vital control to sustain the system frequency and power deviations in tie line contained by permissible limit by directing the output power of every generator while meeting out the changes in the load demand [1][2]. Frequency linked price based management is much analyzed in the non-regulated electricity market [3][4][5][6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Automatic Generation Control of a Two Area Thermal-Thermal Deregulated Power System with HES and TCPS units for Unscheduled Interchange Price Signals

Ponnkodi*,

Chuidambaram

2019

IJRTE

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Automatic Generation Control (AGC) plot for two area inter-connected thermal to thermal Deregulated Power System (DPS) utilizing Unscheduled Interchange (UI) price signal, which has an effect on the power markets is proposed in the paper. Unscheduled Interchange price is one of the most important parts of Availability Based Tariff (ABT) which goes about as an optional control system for regulating the grid frequency. These UI price signals vacillate according to change in grid frequencies which can be open by the participants (generator or load) associated with the grid. The customary AGC system, however, attempts to carry the error of frequency to 0, yet it will be an ineffectual answer for taking an interest producing penalty deviations with frequency. This plan additionally gives the system operator adaptability to plan the generation in an ideal way. In this examination, the execution of a Proportional Integral (PI) controller is proposed because beneficial AGC of 2 area thermal and thermal deregulated system works under the impacts of bi-lateral contracts over the dynamics. The tuning of PI controller parameters is illuminated by utilizing a Moth-Flame Optimization (MFO) algorithm. Further to improve the AGC performance, the Hydrogen Energy Storage (HES) units is incorporated into its control area which can adequately moist the electromechanical motions in a power system, as they give guarantee from the storage limit notwithstanding the generator rotors dynamic energy which can share abrupt deviations in power requirement. The Thyristor Controlled Phase Shifter is proposed in arrangement with tie line between any inter-connected areas that may be applied to balance out frequency motions of the area by fast control of power in tie line over the interconnections. Execution of HES-TCPS units' blend captures the underlying frequency fall just as the power deviations in tie line for an abrupt load unsettling influence and the outcomes show that the charges of UI are extensively limited while keeping up at normal frequency worth. Furthermore, proposed strategy yields an eminent decrease in the control input deviation yet, in addition, guarantees superior soundness for the unscheduled interchange price signals therefore, the market participants can get benefit accordingly.

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“…The deregulated power system, Automatic Generation Control (AGC) is the essential control issue in an interconnected power system. The most imperative goals of the AGC is to keep up system frequency and tie-line power deviations within permissible limit by directing the output power of every generator at concurred levels in light of persistently changing load demand [1]. The AGC activity is coordinated by the Area Control Error (ACE) which is a job of system frequency and tie line power flows.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fractional Order Pid Controller for Agc Loop of a Two-Area Solar-Thermal Deregulated Power System With RFB and Ipfc Unit

Baskar¹,

Paramasivam²

2019

IJEET

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This paper presents the Fractional Order Proportional-Integral-Derivative (FOPID) controller for Automatic Generation Control (AGC) of an interconnected twoarea solar-thermal deregulated power system. In this investigation, the thermal plants are considered with reheat tandem compound steam turbine rather than steam turbine dynamic model parameters are thought to be consistent. Concentrated solar power can store vitality in the type of thermal energy. The stored thermal energy can be utilized to produce electricity in the absence of solar irradiance. Thus, AGC of a multi-area power system incorporating solar thermal power plant (STPP) is vital for these examinations. A FOPID controller is an established PID aside from its derivative and integral orders are fractional numbers in place of being integers. The control parameters of FOPID controller are tuned utilizing Lightning Search Algorithm (LSA) and its execution is contrasted and Proportional-Integral (PI), Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers based AGC loop. A sophisticated application of Redox Flow Batteries (RFB) coordinates with Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) for the improvement of AGC loop of a two-area solar-thermal power system is also considered. Simulation reveals that the proposed FOPID controller tuned with LSA algorithm liven up the dynamic output response of the test system as far as less pinnacle deviation and settling time of area frequencies and tie-line power oscillations in various exchanges of the deregulated power system. The execution of the RFB and IPFC unit captures the underlying fall in frequency and additionally the tie-line power deviations after a sudden load unsettling influence.

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A comprehensive state of the art literature survey on LFC mechanism for power system

Cited by 204 publications

References 370 publications

Challenges and Opportunities of Load Frequency Control in Conventional, Modern and Future Smart Power Systems: A Comprehensive Review

Challenges and Opportunities of Load Frequency Control in Conventional, Modern and Future Smart Power Systems: A Comprehensive Review

Automatic Generation Control of a Two Area Thermal-Thermal Deregulated Power System with HES and TCPS units for Unscheduled Interchange Price Signals

Fractional Order Pid Controller for Agc Loop of a Two-Area Solar-Thermal Deregulated Power System With RFB and Ipfc Unit

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