A comprehensive strategy to detect the fraudulent adulteration of herbs: The oregano approach

Black, Connor; Haughey, Simon A.; Chevallier, Olivier P.; Galvin-King, Pamela; Elliott, Christopher T.

doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.05.004

Cited by 149 publications

(110 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…It is imperative these fraudulent opportunities are considered in food management procedures. The increasing complexity of the supply chain requires more robust measures in terms of auditing, traceability and testing in order to protect the supply chain and its consumers (Folinas et al 2006;Ringsberg 2014;Lidskog et al 2015;Black et al 2016). The United Kingdom (UK) has recognised these food fraud issues.…”

Section: Current Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For HACCP very capable practices and governance already exist, but the ever evolving and emerging nature of opportunistic fraud introduces new VACCP gaps (TiFSiP 2016;Manning et al 2016). There has been a range of different detection methods applied to food authenticity, including spectroscopy (ultraviolet-visible (UV), near infrared (NIR) and mid infrared (MIR), Raman), isotopic analysis, chromatography, electric nose, polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and thermal analysis, and their combination with multivariate data analysis software (Reid et al 2006;Ellis et al 2012;Black et al 2016). These methods must be evaluated in full for ease of use, rapidity and cost whilst surviving the rigours of a legal process to provide a sufficient deterrent (Black et al 2016).…”

Section: Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…There has been a range of different detection methods applied to food authenticity, including spectroscopy (ultraviolet-visible (UV), near infrared (NIR) and mid infrared (MIR), Raman), isotopic analysis, chromatography, electric nose, polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and thermal analysis, and their combination with multivariate data analysis software (Reid et al 2006;Ellis et al 2012;Black et al 2016). These methods must be evaluated in full for ease of use, rapidity and cost whilst surviving the rigours of a legal process to provide a sufficient deterrent (Black et al 2016). Similarly, the literature and the persistence of food-borne illnesses and scandals has raised significant concern on the functioning of the supply chain and the monitoring methods employed for their supervision, particularly exposing weaknesses in current traceability and audit systems (Folinas et al 2006;Aven 2012;Powell et al 2013;FAO 2016b;Ringsberg 2014;Lidskog et al 2015;NFCU 2016;Stamatis et al 2015;Kleboth et al 2016;Manning et al 2016).…”

Section: Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, in many cases small-medium enterprises cannot perform or afford the reliable and high specification technology to detect and gather evidence of conventional adulterants, as described previously (Reid et al 2006;Ellis et al 2012;Black et al 2016). It is therefore of utmost importance that deterrence of food fraud is implemented by each player in the supply chain and verified and governed by suitable guardians such as regulatory bodies and recognised third party certification schemes.…”

Section: Governancementioning

confidence: 99%

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The seafood supply chain from a fraudulent perspective

Mitchell²,

et al. 2018

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Food fraud is an intentional act for economic gain. It poses a risk to food integrity, the economy, public health and consumers' ethics. Seafood is one commodity which has endured extensive fraudulent activity owing to its increasing consumer demand, resource limitations, high value and complex supply chains. It is essential that these fraudulent opportunities are revealed, the risk is evaluated and countermeasures for mitigation are assigned. This can be achieved through mapping of the seafood supply chains and identifying the vulnerability analysis critical control points (VACCP), which can be exposed, infiltrated and exploited for fraudulent activity. This research systematically maps the seafood supply chain for three key commodities: finfish, shellfish and crustaceans in the United Kingdom. Each chain is comprised of multiple stakeholders across numerous countries producing a diverse range of products distributed globally. For each supply chain the prospect of fraud, with reference to species substitution, fishery substitution, illegal, unreported and unregulated substitution, species adulteration, chain of custody abuse, catch method fraud, undeclared product extension, modern day slavery and animal welfare, has been identified and evaluated. This mapping of the fraudulent opportunities within the supply chains provides a foundation to rank known and emerging risks and to develop a proactive mitigation plan which assigns control measures and responsibility where vulnerabilities exist. Further intelligence gathering and management of VACCPs of the seafood supply chains may deter currently unknown or unexposed fraudulent opportunities.

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Section: Current Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Governancementioning

confidence: 99%

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The seafood supply chain from a fraudulent perspective

Mitchell²,

et al. 2018

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“…Hence, these FT-IR profiles would be helpful to authenticate the selected herbals. Similarly, FT-IR technique was used to identify the adulterants of Oregano vulgare (Black et al 2016).…”

Section: Spectroscopic Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Chemical Fingerprints to Differentiate the Controversial Indian Herbal Drugs Eclipta Prostrata and Wedelia Calendulacea (Bhringraja)

Vadivel¹,

Anand²,

Monajkumar³

et al. 2017

Bull. Pharm. Res.

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In Indian system of medicine, Eclipta prostrata is an important herbal ingredient of several Ayurvedic and Siddha formulations and it is commonly called as Bhringraja. But, this plant is often confused with Wedelia calendulacea, which is also known as Bhringraja and also being adulterated in Indian herbal market. In order to differentiate these plant drugs (Eclipta prostrata and Wedelia calendulacea), in the present work we have developed chemical fingerprints. Phytochemical analysis, UV-Visible, FT-IR and NMR spectroscopy, HPTLC and HPLC chromatography were carried out in the selected plant materials. Phytochemical analysis of methanolic extract of investigated materials showed that W. calendulacea contained higher level of total phenolic compounds (381.82 mg GAE/100 g) when compared to E. prostrata (105 mg GAE/100 g). Scanning in UV-Visible spectroscopy exhibited difference between selected samples, especially at 250-450 nm. Similarly, FT-IR spectroscopy of raw materials indicated notable difference between the samples at 400 -1000 cm -1 region. NMR spectroscopy illustrated remarkable difference between the chloroform extract of selected samples at 1-2 ppm region. HPTLC profile of methanolic extract of E. prostrata exhibited a total number of 9 peaks while W. calendulacea showed 12 number of peaks. Chemical profile investigated in the present study would be helpful to differentiate E. prostrata from W. calendulacea and also useful to prevent their adulteration in herbal industry.

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Assessment of adulteration of sage (Salvia sp.) with olive leaves using high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography, image analysis, and multivariate linear modeling

Tomčić,

Jankov,

Ristivojević

et al. 2024

Journal of Chemometrics

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According to the study carried out at the University of Bristol, 60% of oregano spices present on the European Union (EU) market are adulterated with olive, myrtle, cistus, and hazelnut leaves. According to the same authors, the sage products are adulterated by similar bulking agents. The aim of this study was to assess possibilities for detection of sage adulteration by olive leaves using high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography (HPTLC) coupled with digital image analysis and multivariate linear regression/classification (partial least squares and partial least squares discriminant analysis). Twenty‐four samples (4 pure sage leaves, 4 pure olive leaves, and 16 mixtures of olive and sage leaves with content of added olive leaves varying in 5%, 10%, 20%, and 50%) have been prepared, extracted, and analyzed under normal‐phase conditions. Several derivatization methods were tested, and derivatized HPTLC plates were inspected under visible or ultraviolet light. Digital images of chromatograms were recorded. In order to minimize effects of intraplate and interplate peak shifts, background changes, and baseline drifts, correlation‐optimized warping, standard normal variate, and mean centering were applied to acquired signals. Partial least squares and partial least squares discriminant analysis models with moderate complexity (two to four latent variables) based on chromatographic signals obtained after derivatization by FeCl3, anisaldehyde–sulfuric acid, and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl demonstrated good statistical performances with R2 ranging 0.894–0.998 and relative prediction error of 4–12%. Misclassification error <4% was obtained in the case of 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl and anisaldehyde–sulfuric acid derivatization. Therefore, HPTLC combined with multivariate image analysis, signal processing, and linear modeling proved to be promising, cost‐effective chromatographic tool for assessment of sage adulteration by olive leaves.

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A comprehensive strategy to detect the fraudulent adulteration of herbs: The oregano approach

Cited by 149 publications

References 18 publications

The seafood supply chain from a fraudulent perspective

The seafood supply chain from a fraudulent perspective

Development of Chemical Fingerprints to Differentiate the Controversial Indian Herbal Drugs Eclipta Prostrata and Wedelia Calendulacea (Bhringraja)

Assessment of adulteration of sage (Salvia sp.) with olive leaves using high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography, image analysis, and multivariate linear modeling

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