“…According to liquid atomization forces, atomization can be divided into capillary tube atomization [131], hydraulic atomization (flat-fan nozzle, swirl nozzle, etc.) [131][132][133], centrifugal atomization with rotating disc (or rotating cage, rotating cup) [131,[134][135][136], aerodynamic atomization (air blast) [131,137], ultrasonic wave atomization [131] and electrostatic atomization [102,103,131], as well as the principle of droplet control and optimal technology [138]. In order to achieve specific spray performance, it is necessary to study nozzles with special requirements and design specific structures with desirable hydrodynamic characteristics, such as low-drift air-induction nozzles [139], variable rate nozzles [140], bypass nozzles to increase flow range [141], rotary cup atomizers for controllable droplets [135], intermittent flow control nozzles using pulse modulation [142], fan-shaped nozzles with a feedback channel to reduce droplet diameter and improve spraying uniformity [143], etc.…”