A Computer-Assisted Diagnosis Tool for Classifying COVID-19 based on Chest X-Ray Images

Abstract

Since COVID-19 is a worldwide pandemic, COVID-19 detection using a convolutional neural network (CNN) has been an extraordinary research technique. In the reported studies, many models that can predict COVID-19 based on deep learning methods using various medical images have been created; however, clinical decision support systems have been limited. The aim of this study is to develop a successful deep learning model based on X-ray images and a computer-assisted, fast, free and web-based diagnostic tool for accurate detection of COVID-19. Methods: In this study a 15-layer CNN model was used to detect COVID-19 using X-ray images, which outperformed many previously published CNN models in terms of classification. The model performance is evaluated according to Accuracy, Matthews Correlation Coefficient (MCC), F1 Score, Specificity, Sensitivity (Recall), Youden's Index, Precision (Positive Predictive Value: PPV), Negative Predictive Value (NPV), and Confusion Matrix (Classification matrix). In the second phase of the study, the computer-aided diagnostic tool for COVID-19 disease was developed using Python Flask library, JavaScript and Html codes. Results:The model to diagnose COVID-19 has an average accuracy of 98.68 % in the training set and 96.98 % in the testing set. Among the evaluation metrics, the minimum value is 93.4 % for MCC and Youden's index, and the maximum value is 97.8 for sensitivity and NPV. A higher sensitivity value means a lower false negative (FN) value, and a low FN value is an encouraging outcome for COVID-19 cases. This conclusion is crucial because minimizing the overlooked cases of COVID-19 (false negatives) is one of the main goals of this research. Conclusions: In this period when COVID-19 is spreading rapidly around the world, it is thought that the free and web-based COVID-19 X-Ray clinical decision support tool can be a very effective and fast diagnostic tool. The computer-aided system can assist physicians and radiologists in making clinical decisions about the disease, as well as provide support in diagnosis, follow-up, and prognosis. The developed computer-assisted diagnosis tool can be publicly accessed at http://biostatapps.inonu.edu.tr/CSYX/..

Prediction of COVID-19 Based on Genomic Biomarkers of Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing Data Using Artificial Intelligence Technology

“…However, the sensitivity and accuracy of RT-PCR testing has been called into question in various investigations. RT-PCR tests can produce a significant number of false positives and negatives (4,5). Computed tomography (CT) scans, chest X-rays, and ultrasound scans are also used to detect COVID-19.…”

“…ML has been used with various medical datasets, such as clinical, radiological image/video, genetic information, and proteins, in the effort to combat COVID-19 (5,(15)(16)(17). ML methods can help to distinguish individuals infected with COVID-19 from healthy individuals using genomic data and to help find new treatment options.…”

Clinical decision support systems (CDSS) in assistance to COVID‐19 diagnosis: A scoping review on types and evaluation methods

“…These studies also recommended the use of CDSS in future research. Finally, 68 articles met all the inclusion criteria 5,17,34–99 . The flowchart of the selection process is shown in Figure 1.…”

“…Types of CDSS to assist in diagnosing COVID‐19 are shown in Figure 4. Most of the studies used ICDSS based on ML (nonknowledge‐based CDSS) ( n = 52 [76.5%]) 34–85 . In these studies, the most common methods for designing CDSS were CNN ( n = 33), 38,40–42,45–47,49–52,54,56–69,71,72,78,82–85 SVM ( n = 8), 35,36,39,43,44,54,56,57 RF ( n = 7), 34,35,37,39,42,44,55 and KNN ( n = 7) 36,37,39,42,43,55,56 (Table 1 and Appendix ).…”

Machine learning approach for classification of prostate cancer based on clinical biomarkers

“…ML methods have been used frequently for cancer detection and classification in recent years. Clinical decision support systems developed based on ML can help clinicians in the prediagnosis, follow-up and treatment of diseases [22,23].…”