A computer-controlled load loss standard for calibrating high-voltage power measurement systems

Poling Field Dependence of Ferroelectric Properties and Crystal Orientation in Rhombohedral Lead Zirconate Titanate Ceramics

“…Instrument transformers are normally used in the power industry for high voltage, current and power loss measurements [1][2][3][4]. The method most widely used to calibrate the transformers is to compare the transformer under test with a reference transformer that has the same nominal ratio and higher accuracy [5,6].…”

Traceability of Loss Measurements of Extra High Voltage Three-Phase Shunt Reactors

“…For an extra HV (EHV) shunt reactor with a PF of 0.001, depending on the accuracy of the voltage/current/power measurements, the wattmeter method could possibly achieve an uncertainty/accuracy of about 10%-20% for its power loss measurements. However, the wattmeter loss measurement system could be calibrated by calibrating the main components or by calibrating the overall system using a portable load loss standard of the National Research Council (NRC) of Canada [1]. The system errors could then be accounted for, improving the overall accuracy of the loss measurements to about 5%, or better, at a PF of 0.001.…”

Traceability of loss measurements of extra high voltage (EHV) three-phase shunt reactors

“…For an EHV shunt reactor with a power factor of 0.001, depending on the accuracy of the voltage/current/power measurements, the wattmeter method could possibly achieve an uncertainty/accuracy of about 10% to 20% for its power loss measurements. The wattmeter loss measurement system could be calibrated by calibrating the main components or by calibrating the overall system using a "portable" load loss standard of the National Research Council of Canada [1]. The system errors could then be accounted for, improving the overall accuracy of the loss measurements to about 5%, or better, at a power factor of 0.001.…”

“…Traceability of the loss measurements of the EHV three-phase shunt reactor using SMIT three-phase power transformer loss measurement system could be achieved through calibration of its main components or system-based calibrations. In this case, it was done through a system-based calibration using a "portable" load loss standard of the National Research Council of Canada [1], as explained in section II "MEASUREMENT METHODS". Discussions on its traceability requirements will be presented, including comparison results with those obtained with the special high-voltage inductance bridge.…”