A computer model of the lymphatic system

Reddy, Narender P.; Krouskop, Thomas A.; Newell, Paul H.

doi:10.1016/0010-4825(77)90023-3

Cited by 59 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The need to characterize pulsatile lymph flow as a function of pressure is similar to the historic need to characterize the pulsatile pressure-flow relationship in arteries. Reddy and colleagues (39,40) recognized the need for a fundamental basis from which to predict lymph flow and derived equations from simplifications of the Navier-Stokes equation. The results are equivalent to equations described by Noordergraaf (35) for blood flow in arteries.…”

Section: E͑t͒mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nonetheless, the fundamental behavior of interest, the transition from a pump to a conduit, can be expected in portions of a lymphatic vessel segment, a network of lymphatic vessels, and an entire lymphatic network. Each of these three hierarchical levels has been modeled by Drake and Gabel (5), Stewart and Laine (46), and Reddy et al (40), respectively. Only Drake and Gabel (5) tangentially described this transition.…”

Section: Broadening the Scopementioning

confidence: 99%

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Intrinsic pump-conduit behavior of lymphangions

Quick¹,

Venugopal²,

Gashev³

et al. 2007

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

105

150

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Lymphangions, segments of lymphatic vessels bounded by valves, have characteristics of both ventricles and arteries. They can act primarily like pumps when actively transporting lymph against a pressure gradient. They also can act as conduit vessels when passively transporting lymph down a pressure gradient. This duality has implications for clinical treatment of several types of edema, since the strategy to optimize lymph flow may depend on whether it is most beneficial for lymphangions to act as pumps or conduits. To address this duality, we employed a simple computational model of a contracting lymphangion, predicted the flows at both positive and negative axial pressure gradients, and validated the results with in vitro experiments on bovine mesenteric vessels. This model illustrates that contraction increases flow for normal axial pressure gradients. With edema, limb elevation, or external compression, however, the pressure gradient might reverse, and lymph may flow passively down a pressure gradient. In such cases, the valves may be forced open during the entire contraction cycle. The vessel thus acts as a conduit, and contraction has the effect of increasing resistance to passive flow, thus inhibiting flow rather than promoting it. This analysis may explain a possible physiological benefit of the observed flow-mediated inhibition of the lymphatic pump at high flow rates.

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Section: E͑t͒mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Broadening the Scopementioning

confidence: 99%

Intrinsic pump-conduit behavior of lymphangions

Quick¹,

Venugopal²,

Gashev³

et al. 2007

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

105

150

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Several important lumped parameter models have been proposed that quantify lymph propulsion through the lymphatic vasculature [14][15][16][17][18][19]. These models have deepened our understanding of lymphatic biomechanics; however, most models to date either neglect the nonlinear, anisotropic behaviour of the tissue or employ empirical pressure-diameter relations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantification of the passive and active biaxial mechanical behaviour and microstructural organization of rat thoracic ducts

Caulk

Nepiyushchikh

Shaw

et al. 2015

J. R. Soc. Interface.

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Mechanical loading conditions are likely to play a key role in passive and active (contractile) behaviour of lymphatic vessels. The development of a microstructurally motivated model of lymphatic tissue is necessary for quantification of mechanically mediated maladaptive remodelling in the lymphatic vasculature. Towards this end, we performed cylindrical biaxial testing of Sprague -Dawley rat thoracic ducts (n ¼ 6) and constitutive modelling to characterize their mechanical behaviour. Spontaneous contraction was quantified at transmural pressures of 3, 6 and 9 cmH 2 O. Cyclic inflation in calcium-free saline was performed at fixed axial stretches between 1.30 and 1.60, while recording pressure, outer diameter and axial force. (doi:10.1023/A:1010835316564)) was used to quantify the passive mechanical response, and the model of Rachev and Hayashi was used to quantify the active (contractile) mechanical response. The average error between data and theory was 8.9 + 0.8% for passive data and 6.6 + 2.6% and 6.8 + 3.4% for the systolic and basal conditions, respectively, for active data. Multi-photon microscopy was performed to quantify vessel wall thickness (32.2 + 1.60 mm) and elastin and collagen organization for three loading conditions. Elastin exhibited structural 'fibre families' oriented nearly circumferentially and axially. Sample-to-sample variation was observed in collagen fibre distributions, which were often non-axisymmetric, suggesting material asymmetry. In closure, this paper presents a microstructurally motivated model that accurately captures the biaxial active and passive mechanical behaviour in lymphatics and offers potential for future research to identify parameters contributing to mechanically mediated disease development.

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“…The only available systematic modeling work goes back to the work of Reddy [12]. In our previous studies, we addressed a number of basic issues related to computational modeling of lymph nodes [22] and the flow processes through the conduit network of a lymph node [23,24].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first network graph model of the whole human body lymphatic system was proposed a long time ago [12]. It considers a simplified version of the lymphatic anatomy, reduced to about 15 distinct organs and 29 major lymphatic vessels subdivided into 297 compartments (lymphangions).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developing Computational Geometry and Network Graph Models of Human Lymphatic System

et al. 2017

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Abstract:The lymphatic system is a body-wide network of lymphatic vessels and lymphoid organs. The complexity of the structural and functional organization of the lymphatic system implies the necessity of using computational modeling approaches to unravel the mechanisms of its regulation in quantitative terms. Although it is a vital part of the circulatory and immune systems, the lymphatic system remains poorly investigated as a mathematical modeling object. Modeling of the lymphatic vessel network needs to be established using a systematic approach in order to advance the model-driven research of this important physiological system. In our study, we elucidate key general features underlying the 3D structural organization of the lymphatic system in order to develop computational geometry and network graph models of the human lymphatic system based on available anatomical data (from the PlasticBoy project), which provides an estimate of the structure of the lymphatic system, and to analyze the topological properties of the resulting models.

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A computer model of the lymphatic system

Cited by 59 publications

References 6 publications

Intrinsic pump-conduit behavior of lymphangions

Intrinsic pump-conduit behavior of lymphangions

Quantification of the passive and active biaxial mechanical behaviour and microstructural organization of rat thoracic ducts

Developing Computational Geometry and Network Graph Models of Human Lymphatic System

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