“…The QCM has been shown to be an extremely sensitive mass detector (limits of detection (LOD) of 10 À12 g; Guilbault, 1983) and has often been used as a biosensor (Barnes, DÕSilva, Jones, & Lewis, 1991;Guilbault, 1983;Muramatsu, Dicks, Tamiya, & Karube, 1987) by coating the crystal surface with an enzyme or protein which will selectively bind the appropriate molecule, when doing so, causing a decrease in frequency. There are limitations with using the crystal for high accuracy experiments.…”