“…Eltahir ( 2019 ) established that the challenges of e-learning in developing countries remain a reality due to the digital divide in existence. Other studies have also found serious challenges of technological infrastructure in developing countries including lack of computers in HEIs to serve students all the time (Alsabawy et al, 2013 ; Al-Araibi et al, 2019 ; Al-Azawei et al, 2016 ; Alkharang, 2014 ; Almaiah & Almulhem, 2018 ; Almaiah & Alyoussef, 2019 ; Al-Araibi et al, 2019 ; Aung & Khaing, 2016 ; Barteit et al, 2019 ; Eltahir, 2019 ; Esterhuyse & Scholtz, 2015 ; Geduld, 2013 ; Igbokwe et al, 2020 ; Lwoga, 2014 ; Lwoga & Komba, 2015 ; Kenan et al, 2014 ; Kisanga & Ireson, 2015 ; Mtebe & Raisamo, 2014b ; Makokha & Mutisya, 2016 ; Moakofhi et al, 2017 ; Munezero et al, 2016 ; Naresh & Reddy, 2015 ; Naveed et al, 2017a , 2017b ; Nwabufo et al, 2013 ; Pani et al, 2015 ; Rana et al, 2014 ; Sanga et al, 2013 ; Sayed & Baker, 2014 ; Siemens et al, 2015b ; Tarus & Gichoya, 2015 ; Tarus et al, 2015 ).…”