A Conceptual Model of Schizophrenia

Gaarder, Kenneth

doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1963.01720120064009

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…He suggested that both schizophrenia and the sensory deprivation reaction are caused by a loss of meaning to stimuli. In sensory deprivation, meaning is removed from the environment by the experimental procedures, whereas in schizophrenia, it results from an internal derangement of communication between the patient's "abstract system" and his "affect system," Gaarder (1963) also cited the similarities between schizophrenia and the cognitive disorders in sensory deprivation and suggested that schizophrenia is the result of lack of input of necessary data about the environment.…”

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confidence: 99%

Schizomimetic conditions and schizophrenia.

Chapman¹

1969

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

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Levitz and Ullmann have added operant reinforcement to the list of allegedly schizomimetic conditions that have been used to generate theories of schizophrenic thought disorder. The diversity of such allegedly schizomimetic conditions casts doubt on the validity of interpreting schizophrenic symptoms on the basis of any one of them. The very power of operant procedures to mimic any behavior, regardless of its origin, argues against invoking its schizomimetic power as evidence concerning the nature of schizophrenia. The potential usefulness of operant methods to alter schizophrenic symptoms need not be predicated on an operant origin of the disorder.

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confidence: 99%

Schizomimetic conditions and schizophrenia.

Chapman¹

1969

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

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“…This view is in accord with that of Ruesch (7), who describes the schizophrenic as suffering from a severe inability to interpret messages from the outside world. Moreover, Gaarder (3) holds that the thinking and perceptual disorder of the schizophrenic is the inevitable result of lack of input of necessary data.…”

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confidence: 99%

Communication Patterns of Mothers of Schizophrenics

et al. 1965

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“…Accordingly, we must commence our discussion by some simple delineation of the ego in its cognitive and executive aspects. These cognitive and executive areas of ego function have been usefull\-compared with the functions of a computer (10,16). Nevertheless, just as \ve have reduced it to this.mechanica1 model we must remind ourselves that it would take a computer of fantastic size, complexity, expense and power consump tion to simulate the human brain.…”

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The Nature of the Psychotic State

1968

Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal

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We have drawn on a number of sources in discussing the shared nature of various psychotic states, with a debt particularly to the psychoanalytic and cybernetic points of view. Clinical psychiatry does have some problems with its classifications of states of illness. At present there seems to be some disagreement between the point of view which sees all psychiatric illnesses in mutually exclusive syndromes, and the point of view which sees mental health and equilibrium as existing along a continuum. Psychotic states occupy one end of such a continuum or spectrum: they are far enough removed from normality that the two are mutually exclusive, and they differ quantitatively and qualitatively from neurotic states. The concept of psychosis appears to have operational value. We must however disentangle several kinds of definitions or we have semantic chaos. Socially, insanity is defined as behaviour beyond the social norm and carrying with it certain connotations of danger to the social fabric. Clinically, the diagnosis of psychosis implies a serious disorganization of mental health or adaptation with a guarded prognosis and requiring special drastic treatment methods. Psychopathologically how can the psychotic state be defined? We have devoted some space to the discussion of the concept of the cognitive and executive ego, since psychosis is seen primarily as a disordered ego state. The nature of this disorder appears to be that of a rupturing or disarticulating of certain fundamental organizations of memory, which have been welded together into the primordium of the ego. In architectural language we might call these foundations, in computer language programs, in cybernetic language guidance systems, and in everyday language, character. The nature of the bonds and energies which hold such collections of experience together as guidance systems is not understood. We must assume that it has a neurophysiological substrate. Both under conditions of extreme psychic stress and of bra:n-tissue disturbance these fundamental operating patterns are disrupted, resulting in certain characteristic symptoms of hallucinosis, extremely severe affective change, and disorders of thought and logic. This model his some implications for treatment, particularly for psychotherapeutic treatment, including the management of ‘organic’ psychoses. There are, further, certain interesting contradictions between the social, clinical and psychopathological frames of reference which we have touched on only briefly.

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A Conceptual Model of Schizophrenia

Cited by 4 publications

References 22 publications

Schizomimetic conditions and schizophrenia.

Schizomimetic conditions and schizophrenia.

Communication Patterns of Mothers of Schizophrenics

The Nature of the Psychotic State

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