Medicine was an integral feature of medieval Muslim culture although millennia before the advent of Islam it had been practiced in Mesopotamia, ancient Egypt, and Persia-known as Iran since 1935-and elsewhere in Asia. [1] Islamic physicians, philosophers, and scholars had wide-ranging interests in health and disease, and as the scientific understanding of the basis of illness grew, they searched for causes of disease and probed possible treatments and cures. [1] Islamic civilization once occupied territory from India in the East to the Atlantic in the West, and later spilled out of Arabia into Syria, Egypt, and ancient Persia whereas the commercial reach of the civilization encompassed Latin America and China and everywhere in between. [1] Islamic thinkers and scholars in Baghdad and Toledo translated into Arabic, philosophical and scientific works from Greek; the Eastern Christian language Syriac; Pahlavi (from pre-Islamic Persia); and Sanskrit. Translations were started during the Caliphate that began in 632 CE, and included the extant medical literature that was handed down from the giants of Greek and Roman Medicine (especially the highly influential savants Hippocrates and Galen), and other Greek scholars in Alexandria, Egypt. Then followed endorsement and embellishment by the fabled Arab and Persian Islamic thought leaders in science, engineering, philosophy, and medicine. Data were expertly gathered and cataloged, and