Mobile operating theaters (MOTs) emerged as a solution to cope with the serious shortage of medical resources in various European countries. In this paper, we study the multi‐MOT elective surgery planning problem. Each MOT consists of an operating room (OR) and a recovery room, that is, a post‐anesthesia care unit (PACU), with two beds, which can be used to perform surgeries and recovery care for both elective and emergency patients. The daily assignment of elective surgeries to MOTs is made in advance (e.g., a week ahead) in the face of uncertain demand of emergency patients. The problem is to determine the assignment of elective patients under uncertain surgery and recovery durations within a finite planning horizon, aiming to minimize total daily costs, which include the cost of assigning elective patients, the OR and PACU utilization cost, and the postponement cost of deferring any elective surgery to the next planning horizon. Due to the possible idle time between surgeries (recoveries, resp.) in the OR (PACU, resp.) and the possible OR blocking due to a limited PACU capacity, the daily OR and PACU utilization cost cannot be expressed in an analytical functional form directly in contrast to the existing literature on OR planning. In this paper, we simulate the surgery and recovery process in ORs and PACUs based on associated distributions, which are empirically verified by the literature, and fit the OR and PACU utilization costs as piece‐wise linear convex functions of the total surgery and recovery durations of the elective patients, respectively. We model the MOT planning problem as a set‐partitioning problem and solve it by column generation. We show that the pricing problem that arises from column generation is NP‐hard. By effectively characterizing the structural properties of the optimal solution to the continuous relaxation of the pricing problem, an efficient implementation of the branch‐and‐bound procedure can be applied to obtain the optimal integral solution to the pricing problem. This solution approach also extends to the case with general OR and PACU utilization cost functions. Computational experiments demonstrate that the proposed approach can solve moderate‐sized instances efficiently. Numerical results also show that, compared with the traditional OR planning model that (i) does not consider the daily PACU utilization cost and thereby ignores the possible blocking times between surgeries in ORs and (ii) neglects the possible idle times between surgeries in ORs caused by the random arrivals of emergency patients, our model results in a cost reduction of around 15.80% on average.