“…The subscale includes 12 items scored on a 5-point Likert scale ("strongly disagree" to "strongly agree"). The Fennema-Sherman scale has been used in many studies and has shown excellent psychometric qualities (Broadbooks, Elmore, Pedersen, & Bleyer, 1981;Hyde, Fennema, Ryan, Frost, & Hopp, 1990;Mulhern & Rae, 1998;Tocci & Engelhard, 1991). Moreover, studies that adapted this scale to measure attitudes toward science also revealed very good psychometric properties (Bazler, Spokane, Ballard, & Fugate, 1993;Collier, Spokane, & Bazler, 1998;Levin & Fowler, 1984).…”