“…In this case the normal field is discontinuous between elements, which is an issue to consider when it comes to solving contact problems, as the measures of the gap between contact bodies are strongly influenced by the accuracy of the definition of the surfaces [28,43]. Some studies have tried to improve the quality of the contact kinematics description using various approaches, such as an averaged normal field [34,46] construction of smooth surfaces to evaluate the contact gap [28,43], and the application of the isogeometric analysis [22] to solve contact problems (see e.g. [10,11,39]).…”