“…The ability of NLP methodologies to process unstructured text opens several opportunities such as topic discovery (Liang et al 2018), ontology extraction (Bouhana et al 2015), document structuring (Morkos, Mathieson, and Summers 2014), search summarisation (Noh, Jo, and Lee 2015), keyword recommendation (Zhang et al 2017) and text generation (Souza, Meireles, and Almeida 2021), which enable design scholars and practitioners to support knowledge reuse (Li et al 2021a), needs elicitation (Lin, Chi, and Hsieh 2012), biomimicry (Shu 2010; Selcuk and Avinc 2021) and emotion-driven design (Dong et al 2021) in the design process. NLP has therefore become an imperative strand of design research, where the scholars have extensively proposed NLP-based tools, frameworks and methodologies that are aimed to assist the participants in the design process, who otherwise often rely upon organisational history and personal knowledge to make important decisions, for example, choosing a lubricant for shaft interface.…”