A Continuing Exploration of Tick–Virus Interactions Using Various Experimental Viral Infections of Hard Ticks

Abstract

To fully unravel the ixodid ticks’ role as vectors of viral pathogens, their susceptibility to new control measures, and their ability to develop acaricide resistance, acclimatization of ticks under laboratory conditions is greatly needed. However, the unique and complicated feeding behavior of these ticks compared to that of other hematophagous arthropods requires efficient and effective techniques to infect them with tick-borne viruses (TBVs). In addition, relatively expensive maintenance of animals for blood feeding and associated concerns about animal welfare critically limit our understanding of TBVs. This mini review aims to summarize the current knowledge about the artificial infection of hard ticks with viral pathogens, which is currently used to elucidate virus transmission and vector competence and to discover immune modulators related to tick–virus interactions. This review will also present the advantages and limitations of the current techniques for tick infection. Fortunately, new artificial techniques arise, and the limitations of current protocols are greatly reduced as researchers continuously improve, streamline, and standardize the laboratory procedures to lower cost and produce better adoptability. In summary, convenient and low-cost techniques to study the interactions between ticks and TBVs provide a great opportunity to identify new targets for the future control of TBVs.

Ixodid Tick Dissection and Tick Ex Vivo Organ Cultures for Tick‐Borne Virus Research

“…This is to be combined with all the protocols listed within this article. Fed ticks can be obtained from a variety of options that include mammal feeding, capillary feeding, or artificial membrane feeding setups (Krober & Guerin, 2007;Talactac, Hernandez, Fujisaki, & Tanaka, 2018).…”