A continuum theory for the flow of pedestrians

Simulation of Pedestrian Dynamics with Macroscopic and Microscopic Mathematical Models

“…The ( ) are constant weights, and the ( ) ( ) are source terms derived from spatially distributed information-for example, the density ( ) of some pedestrian species. This kind of flow, the direction of which is derived from a potential, has been investigated in Hughes [9].…”

Hybrid modelling and simulation of huge crowd over a hierarchical Grid architecture

“…Such macroscopic (computational) model treats a crowd as a whole to characterize some common features of the individuals in the crowd without distinguishing their individualities, e.g., the flow model using the continuum theory [14]. A computational model can obtain results at the scale of a whole crowd at a much lower computational expense in comparison with using agent-based models.…”

“…To represent the behaviour of a crowd, many behaviour models have been proposed with various types of modelling approaches [33], such as particle system models [13], flow-based models [14] and agent-based models [6]. Despite the many existing research efforts and applications in crowd M&S, it is still a young and emerging area.…”

Modeling Agent Social Joint Actions via Micro and Macro Coordination Strategies

“…One common method to the simulation of mass flow is to model pedestrian in a particlelike manner [6], [7]. To the degree that humans are physical entities, and behave like particles, e.g., forming vortices as they move through an aperture [8], these flow-based models have been able to account for certain crowd characteristics.…”