A contribution to the biology and occurrence of the Citrus leaf miner, Phyllocnistis citrella Staint. (Gracilariidae, Lepid.) in the Sudan

Abstract

The Citrus leaf miner, Phyllocnistis citrella is an important pest of citruses in the Sudan and other parts of the world. Studies on its biology have shown that the egg stage took 2 to 6 days to hatch, the average larval (4 instars) and pupal durations were 7–8 and 8–9 days, respectively; while the total life cycle from egg laying to adult emergence took about 18 days (winter time). The insect preferred the lower surface of the leaf for egg laying. On the basis of infested area, number of living larvae and pupae per leaf and length of mines, grapefruit, Citrus paradisi, was found to be the most susceptible citrus species while mandarine C. nobilis was found to be the least susceptible one followed by lime, C. aurantiifolia. Suggested reasons for this preference and susceptibility were given. Zusammenfassung Beiträge zur Biologie und zum Vorkommen der Zitrusminiermotte, Phyllocnistis citrella Staint. (Gracilariidae, Lepid.) im Sudan Die Zitrusblattminiermotte, P. citrella, tritt als wichtiger Schädling an Zitrusbäumen im Sudan und in anderen Ländern auf. Untersuchungen im Sudan zeigten, daß die Ei‐Entwicklung 2–6, die Entwicklung der 4 Larvenstadien 7–8 und jene der Puppen 8–9 Tage dauerten. Die Gesamtentwicklung von der Eiablage bis zum Schlüpfen der Motten beanspruchte im Winter 18 Tage. Der Schädling bevorzugte zur Eiablage die Blattunterseite. Gemessen an dem befallenen Areal, der Zahl lebender Larven und Puppen/Blatt und der Länge der Minen erwies sich die Grapefruit, Citrus paradisi, als die vom Schädling bevorzugteste Zitrusart. Es folgte die Limone, C. aurantiifolia, gefolgt von der Mandarine, C. nobilis. Die Gründe dieser Nahrungspflanzenwahl werden erörtert.

On the biology and food preference of the Citrus leaf miner, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Gracilariidae, Lepidoptera) in PDR of Yemen

“…More or less similar figures have been found when the insect was reared in the laboratory at fluctuating temperatures 25-36' C where the egg incubation, larval and pupal periods were 4.5, 10.2 and 8.4 days, respectively. When comparing these results with other authors' findings, we found that in India, PANDEY and PANDEY (1964) reported that the average number of eggs laid by each female was 48 and the incubation period varied from 2 to 10 days; while in the Sudan, BA-ANGOOD (1977) reported that the incubation period varied from 2.1 to 5.6 days. CLAUSEN (1931) reported that Ehe larval period in Japan was 20 days, while VOUTE (1933) recorded 7 days in Netherlands.…”

“…Each pupa was then transferred to a separate petri dish and the pupal period was then recorded. The adult moths were taken to oviposition cages as described by BA-ANGOOD (1977) to lay their eggs. The eggs on leaves were transferred to petri dishes and put in cooled incubators where the incubation period was recorded under different co:istant temperatures (20' C ?…”

“…The Citrus leaf miner Phyllocnistis citvella Stainton has long been recognized as a serious pest of citruses in different citrus growing areas of the world (CLAUSEN 1931;VOUTE 1933;PANDEY and PANDEY 1964;SABINE 1971;BA-ANGOOD 1977). Relatively little is known about the effect of constant and fluctuating temperatures on the durations of different stages of the insect, as well as food plants mostly preferred by it.…”

Isolamento, identificação, síntese e avaliação de campo do feromônio sexual do minador-dos-citros, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton, 1856 (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)

“…Além dos fatores abióticos, a fisiologia e/ou caracteres morfológicos das plantas e da espécie de citros na qual o inseto se desenvolve podem afetar a duração do ciclo (ovo-adulto) (BA-ANGOOD, 1977;BADAWY, 1967;BATRA et al, 1988;GARIJO;GARCIA, 1994;HUANG et al, 1989b;SINGH, 1984;RADKE;KANDALKAR, 1987;WILSON, 1991 CLAUSEN, 1931;HUANG et al 1989a;PANDEY;PANDEY, 1964).…”

“…A oviposição de P. citrella é realizada durante o crepúsculo (BADAWY, 1967;HEPPNER, 1993;PANDEY;PANDEY, 1964;VILELA;BENTO, 2002). A cópula inicia-se dentro de um período máximo de 9 a 72 h após a emergência, com duração variável de 30 min até 9 h (BA-ANGOOD, 1977;BATRA et al, 1988;CLAUSEN, 1931;HUANG et al,1989a;RADKE KANDALKAR, 1987;PANDEY;PANDEY, 1964;KNAPP et al,1994). Parra-Pedrazzoli et al (2006) HEPPNER, 1993;BROWNING, 1996;SUBBA RAO;RAMAMANI, 1965).…”