A Controlled Laboratory and Clinical Evaluation of a Three-dimensional Endoscope for Endonasal Sinus and Skull Base Surgery

Abstract

Three-dimensional endoscopy may improve depth perception and performance for novices. The 3D endoscope is a safe and feasible tool for endoscopic sinus and skull base surgery; it is promising for improving microneurosurgical dissection precision transnasally.

Field of view comparison between two-dimensional and three-dimensional endoscopy

“…Our team has adopted the HD 2D endoscope during the approach, to take advantage of its expanded field of view. However, for intricate intracranial or sellar surgery, 3D endoscopy is brought into the field to provide imaging similar to a working microscope with an unimpeded view . There is one further advantage of this reduced field of view: the image on the monitor is magnified relative to the 2D image, at a working distance of 3 to 4 cm, which potentially reduces the interference of the tip of the endoscope with working instruments in 3D compared to 2D technology.…”

Danger points, complications and medico-legal aspects in endoscopic sinus surgery

“…through the optimization of micro-instruments or the progress in imaging; through the use of navigation systems, shavers or miniaturized or angled drilling systems; through improved screen and video-standard). Additionally there has been continued development in conceptual differentiation (among others improved understanding of pathophysiology; integration of surgical and conservative therapy strategies) [2], [32], [33], [34], [35], [36], [37]. It has, however, not been proven that the most recent development has led to a reduced rate of complications [38], [39].…”

The effect of three‐dimensional visualisation on performance in endoscopic sinus surgery: A clinical training study using surgical navigation for movement analysis in a randomised crossover design

“…Only in recent years, reliable 3D endoscopes with 4‐5 mm diameter optics became available . After being used predominantly in transnasal neurosurgical procedures, 3D endoscopes have started to find their way into endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) …”

“…Literature specifically addressing the effect of 3D endoscopy on surgical performance in ESS is sparse . Most studies assessing the influence of 3D endoscopic imaging on surgical performance focused on laparoscopic surgery or neurosurgical procedures .…”