A cooperação multilateral climática e a promoção da agenda da transição energética no Brasil

Abstract

Cooperação multilateral, regime internacional, governança global, segurança energética e meio-ambiente são temas intrinsicamente relacionados, embora nem sempre as conexões sejam evidentes. Partimos do questionamento de como a agenda internacional climática se desdobra para políticas domésticas de mitigação no setor de energia em um país em desenvolvimento. Para lidar com essa questão, identificamos os princípios estabelecidos internacionalmente no que tange à temática das energias renováveis, com a finalidade de minimizar os impactos ambientais ocasionados pelos Gases de Efeito Estufa. Na sequência, apresentamos uma análise sobre a evolução da agenda multilateral climática internacional com foco para o setor energético e pontuamos seus desdobramentos na adoção de energias renováveis no Brasil. A partir de uma revisão bibliográfica da questão climática pela perspectiva racional-institucionalista, passando pelas abordagens de regime internacional, governança climática, governança policêntrica e uma análise empírica de mudanças político-regulatórias no Brasil, buscamos identificar os diferentes vetores que traduzem diretrizes internacionais em políticas domésticas. Discute-se a cooperação como estratégia para lidar com questões que se relacionam à segurança energética dos países e, concomitantemente, com a perspectiva ambiental.

An Overview of chinese action and presence at Africa’s energy transition

“…The energy issue is a concern for different schools of thought within international relations, but after the 1990s energy also became central to debates dealing with environmental problems and climate change. When the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) came into force in 1994, it was evident that energy production was the sector responsible for the largest emission of greenhouse gasses (GHG), a circumstance that remains to the present day, as illustrated in figure 1 (Leite, Alves and Picchi, 2020). From this point on, the energy transition got consolidated in the international climate regime at an international level.…”

“…the purchase of certified reductions in carbon emissions in different places. Between 2003 and 2020, it is estimated that more than 13,000 projects were financed by this mechanism, 87% of them in the energy sector (Leite, Alves and Picchi, 2020). However, despite there being a consensus that developed countries have a history of pollution and greater responsibilities for global warming, compensating for inequalities is still a subject of dispute between the parties and is always present in international discussions.…”

Do Non-State Actors Influence Climate Change Policy? Evidence from the Brazilian Nationally Determined Contributions for COP21

“…Victor (2011) discussed the weaknesses of previous institutional designs, restricting main responsibilities to few and powerful national actors. There was a general recognition that globalisation made environmental governance more difficult to be achieved without the participation of non-state actors (Leite et al, 2020;Lorenzetti and Carrion, 2012). Ostrom (2010) proposed considering actions at several levels of analysis, with the active participation of local, regional, and national groups.…”

The odd octopus: identification and burrowing behaviour of a deep-water octopus, Muusoctopus leioderma, found in a shallow-water bay

“…Coincident and perhaps connected to these population expansions, multiple apparent cephalopod range expansions have been recently documented. These include a northward range expansion in Dosidicus gigas (Steenstrup, 1857) in the eastern Pacific Ocean (Zeidberg and Robison, 2007), a southern range expansion of Octopus tetricus (Gould, 1852) in Australia (Ramos et al, 2014) and a northward and southward range expansion predicted for Octopus insularis (Leite and Haimovici, 2006; Leite et al, 2008) using ecological niche modelling and future ocean conditions (Lima et al ., 2020). Each is consistent with the general trend of poleward distribution changes in organisms in response to climate change (Poloczanska et al ., 2013).…”