A correction for recruitment bias in norms derived from meta-analysis.

Williams, Joseph M.; Cottle, Cindy C.

doi:10.1037/a0023651

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…In many countries, there are no population norms and therefore a matched local control group may be the best option. There are three main issues with having local norms as the default choice in Australia and these are as follows: (1) The use of local comparison groups has variable and uncontrolled ascertainment biases by nature (Williams and Cottle 2011), and tends to be based on smaller samples because of relatively restricted research funding (Australian Neuroscience Society 2010). (2) The collection of a relatively small local sample for a study demands a lot of resources for relatively limited practical use.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder in Australia: a case of a high-functioning and optimally treated cohort and implications for international neuroHIV research

et al. 2014

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The Australian HIV-infected (HIV+) population is largely comprised of high-functioning men who have sex with men (MSM). Like other English-speaking countries, Australia mostly relies on US neuropsychological normative standards to detect and determine the prevalence of neurological disorders. Whether the US neuropsychological (NP) normative standards are appropriate in Australian HIV+ MSM has not been established. Ninety virally suppressed HIV+ and 49 HIV-uninfected (HIV−) men (respectively 86 and 85 % self-reported MSM; mean age 54 and 56 years, mean premorbid verbal IQ estimate 110 and 111) undertook standard NP testing. The raw neuropsychological data were transformed using the following: (1) US standards as uncorrected scaled scores and demographically corrected T scores (US norms); and (2) z scores (without demographic corrections) derived from Australian comparison group scaled scores (local norms). To determine HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder prevalence, we used a standard definition of impairment based upon a battery-wide summary score: the global deficit score (GDS). Impairment classification (GDS≥0.5) based on the local norms was best at discriminating between the two groups (HIV−=14.3 % vs. HIV+ = 53.3 %; p<0.0001). This definition was significantly associated with age. Impairment classification based on the US norms yielded much lower impairment rate regardless of the HIV status (HIV−=4.1 % vs. HIV+=14.7 %; p= 0.05), but was associated with historical AIDS, and not age. Both types of summary scores were associated with reduced independence in activities of daily living (p≤ 0.03). Accurate neuropsychological classifications of high (or low) functioning individuals may need country-specific norms that correct for performance-based (e.g., reading) estimates of premorbid cognition in addition to the traditional demographic factors.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%