A correlation between piezoelectric response and crystallographic structural parameter observed in lead-free (1-x)(Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3–xSrTiO3 piezoelectrics

Designing novel sodium bismuth titanate lead‐free incipient perovskite for piezoactuator applications

“…All the samples present pure perovskite structure, revealing that the BZT was incorporated into the NBT-0.15ST lattice and formed a solid solution. Furthermore, an expanded view of the 2θ range from 38° to 39° shows the superlattice reflection of a rhombohedral R3c structure for BZT0, BZT1 and BZT2 compositions ( Figure S1C), [12][13][14][15][16][17] and their high-angle (220) peaks are split. Furthermore, an expanded view of the 2θ range from 38° to 39° shows the superlattice reflection of a rhombohedral R3c structure for BZT0, BZT1 and BZT2 compositions ( Figure S1C), [12][13][14][15][16][17] and their high-angle (220) peaks are split.…”

“…Due to the relatively large ionic radii of Ba 2+ and Zr 4+ compared with those of Na + , Bi 3+ 11 the diffraction peaks gradually shift to lower angles with an increase in the BZT substitution ( Figure S1B), indicating a lattice expansion. [12][13][14][15][16][17] The SEM morphologies show that the synthesized ceramic samples have a highly dense and homogeneous microstructure with relative densities above 95%, and the average grain size is approximately ~0.8 μm ( Figure S2). However, the superlattice reflection disappears for the BZT4 composition, and the bifurcated (220) peak gradually transforms into a single symmetric peak, indicating a structural change from the R3c polar phase to the pseudocubic phase.…”

“…Figure S3 provides the definition of S pos , S neg , d * 33 and Hys. [12][13][14][15][16][25][26][27] The P r values exhibit a notable reduction at the BZT3 critical composition, suggesting that the BZT substitution induces a ferroelectric (nonergodic)-relaxor (ergodic) transition. [12][13][14][15][16][25][26][27] The P r values exhibit a notable reduction at the BZT3 critical composition, suggesting that the BZT substitution induces a ferroelectric (nonergodic)-relaxor (ergodic) transition.…”

“…As the BZT content increases, the D-E loops transform from a rectangle shape (BZT0-BZT2), characteristic of normal ferroelectrics, to a slimmer shape (BZT3-BZT6), characteristic of relaxor ferroelectrics. [12][13][14][15][16][25][26][27] However, BZT3 and BZT4 samples still possess sizable P max values, indicating that the weak-polar relaxor phase and ferroelectric phase possess competitive free energies, and their interconversion can be easily achieved by applying a poling field. [12][13][14][15][16][25][26][27] However, BZT3 and BZT4 samples still possess sizable P max values, indicating that the weak-polar relaxor phase and ferroelectric phase possess competitive free energies, and their interconversion can be easily achieved by applying a poling field.…”

“…[12][13][14][15][16][25][26][27] However, BZT3 and BZT4 samples still possess sizable P max values, indicating that the weak-polar relaxor phase and ferroelectric phase possess competitive free energies, and their interconversion can be easily achieved by applying a poling field. The S neg values, which are associated with irreversible domain back-switching, [12][13][14][15][16][25][26][27] completely vanish at BZT3-BZT6 compositions. The S neg values, which are associated with irreversible domain back-switching, [12][13][14][15][16][25][26][27] completely vanish at BZT3-BZT6 compositions.…”