A cortical network for semantics: (de)constructing the N400

Lau, Ellen; Phillips, Colin; Poeppel, David

doi:10.1038/nrn2532

Cited by 1,430 publications

(1,446 citation statements)

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“…By contrast, the two ROIs in early visual areas showed little connectivity with higher-order processing areas but were mainly connected with adjacent visual areas (ROI1), and the left superior parietal lobule (ROI2), the latter suggesting involvement of visuospatial analysis and attention (Kanwisher and Wojciulik, 2000). Furthermore, the two most anterior ROIs (ROI4 and ROI5) did not show interlobar connections but instead were connected with the left insula (for ROI4) and the left middle temporal gyrus (for ROI5), suggesting a link to auditory phonological or modality independent lexicalsemantic processing (Lau et al, 2008;Vigneau et al, 2006). These results indicate that − within the ventral VWF-System − the VWFA may be the only brain region that is consistently functionally connected to higher-order regions of the language network, which is in agreement with the belief that the left fusiform gyrus functions as a major relay of visual stimuli into the network, considering that it encodes a wide variety of complex visual percepts, including both verbal and nonverbal stimuli (Cohen et al, 2000;Haxby et al, 2001;Kanwisher et al, 1997).…”

Section: Accepted M Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 97%

The left occipitotemporal system in reading: Disruption of focal fMRI connectivity to left inferior frontal and inferior parietal language areas in children with dyslexia

et al. 2011

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The left occipitotemporal system in reading: Disruption of focal fMRI connectivity to left inferior frontal and inferior parietal language areas in children with dyslexia van der Mark, S; Klaver, P; Bucher, K; Maurer, U; Schulz, E; Brem, S; Martin, E; Brandeis, D van der Mark, S; Klaver, P; Bucher, K; Maurer, U; Schulz, E; Brem, S; Martin, E; Brandeis, D (2011). The left occipitotemporal system in reading: Disruption of focal fMRI connectivity to left inferior frontal and inferior parietal language areas in children with dyslexia. The left occipitotemporal system in reading: Disruption of focal fMRI connectivity to left inferior frontal and inferior parietal language areas in children with dyslexia Abstract Developmental dyslexia is a severe reading disorder, which is characterized by dysfluent reading and impaired automaticity of visual word processing. Adults with dyslexia show functional deficits in several brain regions including the so-called "Visual Word Form Area" (VWFA), which is implicated in visual word processing and located within the larger left occipitotemporal VWF-System. The present study examines functional connections of the left occipitotemporal VWF-System with other major language areas in children with dyslexia. Functional connectivity MRI was used to assess connectivity of the VWF-System in 18 children with dyslexia and 24 age matched controls (age 9.7-12.5 years) using five neighbouring left occipitotemporal regions of interest (ROIs) during a continuous reading task requiring phonological and orthographic processing. First, the results revealed a focal origin of connectivity from the VWF-System, in that mainly the VWFA was functionally connected with typical left frontal and parietal language areas in control children. Adjacent posterior and anterior VWF-System ROIs did not show such connectivity, confirming the special role that the VWFA plays in word processing. Second, we detected a significant disruption of functional connectivity between the VWFA and left inferior frontal and left inferior parietal language areas in the children with dyslexia. The current findings add to our understanding of dyslexia by showing that functional disconnection of the left occipitotemporal system is limited to the small VWFA region crucial for automatic visual word processing, and emerges early during reading acquisition in children with dyslexia, along with deficits in orthographic and phonological processing of visual word forms. ÔØ Å ÒÙ× Ö ÔØThe left occipitotemporal system in reading: Disruption of focal fMRI connectivity to left inferior frontal and inferior parietal language areas in children with dyslexia This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the cont...

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Section: Accepted M Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 97%

The left occipitotemporal system in reading: Disruption of focal fMRI connectivity to left inferior frontal and inferior parietal language areas in children with dyslexia

et al. 2011

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“…Damian and Als (2005) proposed that the blocked cyclic naming paradigm might involve contributions from two separate mechanisms: a short-lived semantic priming effect in the first presentation cycle and a longer-lasting interference effect emerging with repetition in subsequent cycles (e.g., Wheeldon & Monsell, 1994; see also Navarrete et al, 2012). Semantic priming effects are observed reliably in LIFG (see Badre & Wagner, 2004;Lau, Phillips, & Poeppel, 2008 for reviews). Hence, this confound might explain the LIFG results reported in some studies of blocked cyclic naming.…”

Section: Neuroanatomical Correlates Of Mechanisms Proposed To Accountmentioning

confidence: 99%

A perfusion fMRI investigation of thematic and categorical context effects in the spoken production of object names

Zubicaray

Johnson

Howard

et al. 2014

Cortex

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The context in which objects are presented influences the speed at which they are named. We employed the blocked cyclic naming paradigm and perfusion fMRI to investigate the mechanisms responsible for interference effects reported for thematically-and categorically-related compared to unrelated contexts. Naming objects in categorically homogeneous contexts induced a significant interference effect that accumulated from the second cycle onwards. This interference effect was associated with significant perfusion signal decreases in left middle and posterior lateral temporal cortex and the hippocampus. By contrast, thematically homogeneous contexts facilitated naming latencies significantly in the first cycle and did not differ from heterogeneous contexts thereafter, nor were they associated with any perfusion signal changes compared to heterogeneous contexts. These results are interpreted as being consistent with an account in which the interference effect both originates and has its locus at the lexical level, with an incremental learning mechanism adapting the activation levels of target lexical representations following access. We discuss the implications of these findings for accounts that assume thematic relations can be active lexical competitors or assume mandatory involvement of top-down control mechanisms in interference effects during naming.

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“…Considering that the N400 is particularly sensitive to semantic processes (for reviews see Kutas & Federmeier, 2011;Kutas & Van Petten, 1994;Kutas, Van Petten, & Kluender, 2006; see also Lau, Phillips, & Poeppel, 2008), these findings suggest that context effects in word recognition may well depend on presentation rate.…”

Section: The Role Of Presentation Ratementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Given its relatively late appearance in the time course, the N400 was sometimes considered as a pure indicator of post-lexical processing (e.g., Holcomb, 1993;Misra & Holcomb, 2003). However, other reports pointed to its sensitivity to lexical operations (e.g., Deacon, Dynowska, Ritter, & Grose-Fifer, 2004;Deacon, Hewitt, Yang, & Nagata, 2000; see also Lau et al, 2008;Van Petten, 1995) and demonstrated joint effects of frequency and sentential context (Dambacher et al, 2006;Van Petten & Kutas, 1990). In fact, accumulating evidence from numerous N400 studies suggests that a modular classification of word-and sentencelevel information into lexical and post-lexical processes is no longer sustainable for the understanding of word recognition.…”

Section: Predictability: Top-down Expectationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stimulus onset asynchrony and the timeline of word recognition: Event-related potentials during sentence reading

et al. 2012

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Article in press in Neuropsychologia [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.04.011] Please note that this unproofed preprint may be subject to minor changes. [May 5, 2012] SOA and the Timeline of Word Recognition 2 AbstractThree ERP experiments examined the effect of word presentation rate (i.e., stimulus onset asynchrony, SOA) on the time course of word frequency and predictability effects in sentence reading. In Experiments 1 and 2, sentences were presented word-by-word in the screen center at an SOA of 700 and 490 ms, respectively. While these rates are typical for psycholinguistic ERP research, natural reading happens at a considerably faster pace. Accordingly, Experiment 3 employed a near-normal SOA of 280 ms, which approximated the rate of normal reading. Main results can be summarized as follows: (1) The onset latency of early frequency effects decreases gradually with increasing presentation rates. (2) An early interaction between top-down and bottom-up processing is observed only under a nearnormal SOA. (3) N400 predictability effects occur later and are smaller at a near-normal (i.e., high) presentation rate than at the lower rates commonly used in ERP experiments. (4) ERP morphology is different at the shortest compared to longer SOAs. Together, the results point to a special role of a near-normal presentation rate for visual word recognition and therefore suggest that SOA should be taken into account in research of natural reading.

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A cortical network for semantics: (de)constructing the N400

Cited by 1,430 publications

References 183 publications

The left occipitotemporal system in reading: Disruption of focal fMRI connectivity to left inferior frontal and inferior parietal language areas in children with dyslexia

The left occipitotemporal system in reading: Disruption of focal fMRI connectivity to left inferior frontal and inferior parietal language areas in children with dyslexia

A perfusion fMRI investigation of thematic and categorical context effects in the spoken production of object names

Stimulus onset asynchrony and the timeline of word recognition: Event-related potentials during sentence reading

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