“…The study employs a coupled Large Eddy Simulation -Discrete Element Method (LES-DEM) model, provided and coded by previous studies (e.g., Kloss et al, 2012). The model belongs to CFD-DEM models, which have had considerably improved our understanding of particle-laden flows in recent years (e.g., Tsuji et al, 1993;Peng et al, 2014;Tsuji et al, 2008;Deen et al, 2007;Smuts, 2015;Deshpande et al, 2019;Zhu et al, 2007Zhu et al, , 2008Jing et al, 2016;Jing et al, 2018;Zhang and Yin, 2018), most notably sediment transport (Zhao and Shan, 2013;Li and Tao, 2018;Li and Zhao, 2018;Sun et al, 2018;Xiao, 2016a, 2016b;Furbish and Schmeeckle, 2013;Schmeeckle, 2014;Zhao et al, 2014;Lu et al, 2019;Zhang et al, 2020;Durán et al, 2012;Maurin et al, 2015;Maurin et al, 2018;Pähtz and Durán, 2018a, 2018b, though their application to TCs have been rather limited (Meiburg et al, 2015;Biegert et al, 2017).…”