“…The B k n -spline polynomials are of degree k − 1 and have k − 2 continuous derivatives. While the BIRFs are computed efficiently in numerical models of physical systems [23,28,29], it is almost impossible to measure the BIRFs directly in physical systems due to the difficulty of accurately reproducing the B-spline loading on the physical system. The BIRF between two points of a mechanical system, however, can be extracted from vibration tests that acquire the time history record of a response, R, and excitation, f, at the two points.…”