“…Some examples of flow phenomena used to compare surface tension models are rising bubbles whose diameters are in the order of few millimetres [33][34][35], translating and rotating bubbles [64], oscillating droplets or bubbles [34], stagnant bubbles or droplets [34,35,39,64], Rayleigh-Taylor instability [37,38], Taylor bubbles [64], falling films [41], droplet splashing [38,39], capillary rise [42] and bubble evolution [37,40]. These typically compare the CSF model with height functions [33,34,64], PROST [37], PLIC [42], CLSVOF and its variants [37][38][39][40]64], FSF and SSF [42], and CSS [35,41] models. Although the flow scenarios that are used to compare surface tension models are diverse, they can be broadly categorised based on the dominance of surface tension in the flow using the Capillary number (Ca), which is defined as the ratio of viscous to surface tension forces in the system.…”