“…From the results, it can be found that for the number of infections in the UK, India, and the US, model 1 (TCN-GRU-DBN-Q-SVM) has a higher prediction accuracy than model 2 (TCN-GRU-DBN-Q) (MRSE 1 <MRSE 2 , MAE 1 <MAE 2 , MAPE% 1 <MAPE% 2 , ||PCC1|-1|<||PCC2|-1|), which proves that the establishment of an error prediction model is meaningful for improving the prediction accuracy. Furthermore, in order to verify the high forecast accuracy of the proposed hybrid model quantitatively, we propose the prediction performance indices improvement percentages P MAPE% (%), P MAE (%), P RMSE (%) and P pcc (%) to compare and analyze the improvement of the prediction accuracy of the proposed model (TCN-GRU-DBN-Q-SVM) compared with the TCN-GRU-DBN-Q (proposed model without SVM error predictor), LSTM [ 73 ], ANFIS [ 74 ], VMD-BP [ 75 ], N-Beats [ 76 ], WT-RVFL [ 77 ] and ARIMA models. The specific calculation method is as follows: where MAPE% 1 , MAE 1 , RMSE 1 and PCC 1 are forecasting performance indices of the proposed model, while MAPE% 2 , MAE 2 , RMSE 2 and PCC 2 are the indices of the comparison model.…”