A critical analysis of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) complexities, emerging variants, and therapeutic interventions and vaccination strategies

Li, Changxing; Noreen, Sobia; Zhang, Lixue; Saeed, Muhammad; Wu, Peifeng; Ijaz, Muhammad; Dai, Dongfang; Maqbool, Irsah; Madni, Asadullah; Akram, Faizan; Naveed, Muhammad; Li, Jianhua

doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112550

Cited by 36 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 193 publications

(164 reference statements)

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“…15 Antibodies and are the mainstays of Omicron's evidence. 16 The Omicron variant has approximately 32 mutations in the spike protein, most of which have been linked to antibody-binding sites, F I G U R E 1 Worldwide percentage share of Omicron variant implying that it would evade antibodies from earlier infections, vaccines, and several monoclonal antibodies used in diagnosis. 6 Whereas clinical assumptions of vaccine efficacy can only be made after a significant number of tract infections with clearly delineated vaccination status have occurred, initial assessments of immune evasion could be made in the lab using neutralization tests.…”

Section: Immune Evasionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging evidence on Omicron (B.1.1.529) SARS‐CoV‐2 variant

Sharma

Rai

Gautam

et al. 2022

Journal of Medical Virology

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COVID's Omicron variant has sparked a slew of concerns across the globe. This review aims to provide a brief overview of what we know about the Omicron variant right now. The new variant has been discovered in 149 countries across all six World Health Organization (WHO) regions since its discovery in South Africa on November 24, 2021 and became the dominant variant in the country in less than 3 weeks. The WHO has warned that the B.1.1.529 variant is spreading at an unprecedented rate, and has urged countries to prepare for the worst. Over the course of this time, researchers from Africa and around the world have uncovered a wealth of information about the virus's epidemiology and biological properties. Case numbers are increasing exponentially in hard‐hit areas such as South Africa, United Kingdom, and USA (overtaking the delta variant), implying that the variant is highly transmissible. Initial research has provided some insights into the efficacy of vaccines against the Omicron variant and whether it produces major illness, however, much remains unknown, and additional work is needed to investigate what the initial reports represent in real‐world situations.

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Section: Immune Evasionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging evidence on Omicron (B.1.1.529) SARS‐CoV‐2 variant

Sharma

Rai

Gautam

et al. 2022

Journal of Medical Virology

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“…The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is considered one of the world's worst pandemics, with more than 400 million cases and 5.8 million human deaths reported as of February 2022 ( 5 ). Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, the scientific community has focused intense efforts on studying the virus biology, the disease manifestations and management and its prevention ( 6 , 7 ). In a short time, the SARS-CoV-2 genome, the specificity of its overall structural organization and the atomic 3D structure of the most significant proteins were revealed ( 8 , 9 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A SARS–CoV-2 Spike Receptor Binding Motif Peptide Induces Anti-Spike Antibodies in Mice andIs Recognized by COVID-19 Patients

et al. 2022

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The currently devastating pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome known as coronavirus disease 2019 or COVID-19 is caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Both the virus and the disease have been extensively studied worldwide. A trimeric spike (S) protein expressed on the virus outer bilayer leaflet has been identified as a ligand that allows the virus to penetrate human host cells and cause infection. Its receptor-binding domain (RBD) interacts with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the host-cell viral receptor, and is, therefore, the subject of intense research for the development of virus control means, particularly vaccines. In this work, we search for smaller fragments of the S protein able to elicit virus-neutralizing antibodies, suitable for production by peptide synthesis technology. Based on the analysis of available data, we selected a 72 aa long receptor binding motif (RBM436-507) of RBD. We used ELISA to study the antibody response to each of the three antigens (S protein, its RBD domain and the RBM436-507 synthetic peptide) in humans exposed to the infection and in immunized mice. The seroreactivity analysis showed that anti-RBM antibodies are produced in COVID-19 patients and immunized mice and may exert neutralizing function, although with a frequency lower than anti-S and -RBD. These results provide a basis for further studies towards the development of vaccines or treatments focused on specific regions of the S virus protein, which can benefit from the absence of folding problems, conformational constraints and other advantages of the peptide synthesis production.

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“…The RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase (RdRp) is a key enzyme that plays an important role in replicating SARS-CoV-2, making it a promising drug target in developing antiviral therapy for COVID-19 (Imran et al, 2021;Pourkarim et al, 2022). In contrast to remdesivir and monoclonal antibodies that require intravenous administration in health care settings, molnupiravir is available for oral use because of its better oral bioavailability (Li et al, 2022;Malone and Campbell, 2021;Pouramini et al, 2022).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molnupiravir - the First Oral Antiviral for COVID-19: A Literature Review

Afni

Suharjono

2022

Pharmacon

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The COVID-19 pandemic is still an unresolved global health concern, although half of the world's population has been vaccinated. The pharmaceutical industries are still struggling to develop effective antivirals against SARS-CoV-2. Molnupiravir is a new oral antiviral with antiviral properties by targeting coronavirus RNA. This literature review aims to describe the mechanism of action, efficacy, and safety of molnupiravir based on published preclinical and clinical studies for COVID-19 treatment. Relevant studies were collected by electronic databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct. The inclusion criteria were preclinical and clinical trials related to molnupiravir as an antiviral for the COVID-19 treatment published in December 2019 to January 2022. Preclinical trials demonstrated therapeutic and prophylactic properties against SARS-CoV-2 in cell culture and animal models. Molnupiravir is currently under the emergency use authorization from the FDA to treat COVID-19. Its potent and broad antiviral activity is demonstrated through a mechanism of error catastrophe that causes coronavirus RNA mutagenesis. The published clinical trials have shown that molnupiravir is well-absorbed, well-tolerated, and has relatively mild side effects such as headache, nausea, and diarrhea with a minimal incidence at a dose of 800 mg twice daily. Time to viral RNA clearance was significantly decreased in patients administered molnupiravir 800 mg compared to those who administered placebo (14 days vs 15 days, P value=0,013). Molnupiravir is a promising oral antiviral that can reduce the incidence of COVID-19 hospitalization or death. Further clinical trials regarding its efficacy for severe symptoms and other clinical aspects such as drug interactions and contraindications are still needed.

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A critical analysis of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) complexities, emerging variants, and therapeutic interventions and vaccination strategies

Cited by 36 publications

References 193 publications

Emerging evidence on Omicron (B.1.1.529) SARS‐CoV‐2 variant

Emerging evidence on Omicron (B.1.1.529) SARS‐CoV‐2 variant

A SARS–CoV-2 Spike Receptor Binding Motif Peptide Induces Anti-Spike Antibodies in Mice andIs Recognized by COVID-19 Patients

Molnupiravir - the First Oral Antiviral for COVID-19: A Literature Review

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