A Critical Biography of Zhu Zhanshan, Prince Xian of Xiang (1406–1478)

Abstract

This essay offers a critical biography of one of Ming China’s (1368–1644) most exceptional yet understudied princes, Zhu Zhanshan 朱瞻墡 (1406–1478), Prince Xian of Xiang 襄憲王. It also complicates our understanding of Ming princes by recounting Zhu Zhanshan’s exceptional relationship with the Ming throne, which presents a unique case study of intense princely engagement in capital affairs. In pursuit of these endeavors, this essay recounts and analyzes the major events in Zhu Zhanshan’s life. These include his political engagements in Beijing during dynastic crises, intellectual development, decades-long interactions with Ming emperors and capital leadership, visits to Beijing, and contributions to local religion in his Xiangyang investiture. The essay concludes with an evaluation of Zhu Zhanshan, his place in the Ming commentarial tradition, and state-princedom relations.