A critical ethnography of the Ottawa Drug Treatment Court : linking discourses of addiction, addicted subjects &amp; treatment practices

Lyons, Tara

doi:10.22215/etd/2012-09633

“…Phagocytosis of parts of human cells by E. gingivalis was reported almost a century ago (Child, 1926 ) but poorly studied since then. Some exceptions however existed and, thanks to video microscopy, the impressive process of cell ingestion by this amoeba has been highlighted (Lyons and Stanfield, 1989 ; Bonner et al, 2014 ). Entamoeba gingivalis is able to engulf one or more human cells at the time by a yet-undescribed mechanism (Figure 1 ).…”

Section: Entamoeba Gingivalis and Periodontal Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reassessing the Role of Entamoeba gingivalis in Periodontitis

Bonner¹,

Fresno

²

,

Gironès

³

et al. 2018

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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The protozoan Entamoeba gingivalis resides in the oral cavity and is frequently observed in the periodontal pockets of humans and pets. This species of Entamoeba is closely related to the human pathogen Entamoeba histolytica, the agent of amoebiasis. Although E. gingivalis is highly enriched in people with periodontitis (a disease in which inflammation and bone loss correlate with changes in the microbial flora), the potential role of this protozoan in oral infectious diseases is not known. Periodontitis affects half the adult population in the world, eventually leads to edentulism, and has been linked to other pathologies, like diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. As aging is a risk factor for the disorder, it is considered an inevitable physiological process, even though it can be prevented and cured. However, the impact of periodontitis on the patient's health and quality of life, as well as its economic burden, are underestimated. Commonly accepted models explain the progression from health to gingivitis and then periodontitis by a gradual change in the identity and proportion of bacterial microorganisms in the gingival crevices. Though not pathognomonic, inflammation is always present in periodontitis. The recruitment of leukocytes to inflamed gums and their passage to the periodontal pocket lumen are speculated to fuel both tissue destruction and the development of the flora. The individual contribution to the disease of each bacterial species is difficult to establish and the eventual role of protozoa in the fate of this disease has been ignored. Following recent scientific findings, we discuss the relevance of these data and propose that the status of E. gingivalis be reconsidered as a potential pathogen contributing to periodontitis.

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“…Despite the central role of treatment in the DTC, the voices and experiences of participants is largely absent in the existing body of DTC literature (Boldt, 1998(Boldt, , 2009Csete and Catania, 2013;Gallagher, 2013;Gallagher and Nordberg, 2016;Lyons, 2011;Saum, Scarpitti, Butzin, Perez, Jennings and Gray, 2002;Tiger, 2013). In recognition of this neglect, this thesis aims to give voice to the AODTC participants.…”

Section: Participants' Voicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To date, the existing body of critical literature highlights the coercing of individuals into DTC treatment (Boldt, 1998;Gowan and Whetstone, 2012;Lyons, 2011;Miethe, Lu and Reese, 2000;Miller, 2004;Murphy, 2011;Nolan, 2002;O'Hear, 2009;Seddon, 2007;Stevens, 2012;Tiger, 2011). Tiger's (2011) study, for example, involved analysis of some US DTC documents and interviews with proponents.…”

Section: Chapter 1: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, Kaye (2012) conducted observations of a residential treatment facility and interviews with DTC proponents and providers, and people in treatment. Lyons (2011) conducted observations of DTC sessions and interviews with 11 (7 men and four women) former court participants. Moore and Hirai (2014) relied on observations of court sessions and interviews with court participants to gain data on the experiences of other people exited from the programme.…”

Section: Chapter 1: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While their research combines observations with interviews, it presents a description only of the court process (Moore and Hirai, 2014). Of the available data, interviews with participants are confined to those that have graduated from the programme or are from a residential treatment facility (Kaye, 2012;Lyons, 2011). They tend to demonstrate how participants negotiate treatment practice, rather than identify the barriers participants encounter through mandated treatment.…”

Section: Chapter 1: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Governing addiction: The Alcohol and Other Drug Treatment Court in New Zealand

Carr¹

0

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<p>The New Zealand Alcohol and other Drug Treatment Court (AODTC) is an innovative approach to addressing offending by people with an alcohol or other drug addiction. Based on the United States Drug Treatment Court model, the AODTC aims to reduce reoffending, reduce addiction and support offenders’ health and wellbeing. Most studies of DTCs are quantitative and focus on recidivism rates and cost-effectiveness. There have been relatively few in-depth studies of how DTCs operate and even fewer that focus on the offender’s experience. This thesis is a critical study of the Auckland and Waitakere AODTCs and is the first study of its kind in New Zealand. Conducted over seven months, the fieldwork involved 536 hours of observations, interviews with offenders and informal conversations with court workers, treatment providers and offenders’ families. The research also included extensive analysis of documents produced by and about the AODTC pilot and the US counterparts. The research found that the AODTC operates in a largely unregulated problem-solving court zone. The wide discretion of judges and collaboration with community treatment providers, lauded by proponents of the AODTC as key to its therapeutic effectiveness, were found to create a number of significant harms for participants. In addition, the focus on addiction as a disease and abstinence as a goal and measure of progress invites judicial subjectivity and places considerable burdens on participants. The research also found that the AODTC metes out punishment under the guise of treatment, preventing participants from accessing treatment and breach the principle of proportionality in their responses to offending and non-compliance. The competing goals of treatment and punishment also prevent participants from receiving adequate support in the AODTC programme. In particular, Māori, women, transgender, offenders with a coexisting disorder and brain injury are less likely to have access to the right treatment and proper support. These findings challenge the assumptions that the AODTC therapeutic mandate treats AOD related offending and supports offenders’ health and wellbeing. In order to protect AODTC offenders, a series of recommendations for change are made to constrain judicial involvement in treatment, to provide better options for community-based treatment and to ensure appropriate addiction treatment services. Overall, the thesis provides valuable empirical insight into how the AODTC and the criminal justice system constitute AOD offending, addiction treatment policies, and manage the addicted offender to accomplish recovery. It also adds important data to the international pool of DTC ethnographies and problem-solving court literature, providing a point of focus from which to consider broader policy and evaluative criteria of people’s experiences of treatment in the problem-solving court. It is hoped that this research is able to contribute to law reform involving specialist problem solving courts in New Zealand.</p>

show abstract

Governing addiction: The Alcohol and Other Drug Treatment Court in New Zealand

Carr¹

0

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

<p>The New Zealand Alcohol and other Drug Treatment Court (AODTC) is an innovative approach to addressing offending by people with an alcohol or other drug addiction. Based on the United States Drug Treatment Court model, the AODTC aims to reduce reoffending, reduce addiction and support offenders’ health and wellbeing. Most studies of DTCs are quantitative and focus on recidivism rates and cost-effectiveness. There have been relatively few in-depth studies of how DTCs operate and even fewer that focus on the offender’s experience. This thesis is a critical study of the Auckland and Waitakere AODTCs and is the first study of its kind in New Zealand. Conducted over seven months, the fieldwork involved 536 hours of observations, interviews with offenders and informal conversations with court workers, treatment providers and offenders’ families. The research also included extensive analysis of documents produced by and about the AODTC pilot and the US counterparts. The research found that the AODTC operates in a largely unregulated problem-solving court zone. The wide discretion of judges and collaboration with community treatment providers, lauded by proponents of the AODTC as key to its therapeutic effectiveness, were found to create a number of significant harms for participants. In addition, the focus on addiction as a disease and abstinence as a goal and measure of progress invites judicial subjectivity and places considerable burdens on participants. The research also found that the AODTC metes out punishment under the guise of treatment, preventing participants from accessing treatment and breach the principle of proportionality in their responses to offending and non-compliance. The competing goals of treatment and punishment also prevent participants from receiving adequate support in the AODTC programme. In particular, Māori, women, transgender, offenders with a coexisting disorder and brain injury are less likely to have access to the right treatment and proper support. These findings challenge the assumptions that the AODTC therapeutic mandate treats AOD related offending and supports offenders’ health and wellbeing. In order to protect AODTC offenders, a series of recommendations for change are made to constrain judicial involvement in treatment, to provide better options for community-based treatment and to ensure appropriate addiction treatment services. Overall, the thesis provides valuable empirical insight into how the AODTC and the criminal justice system constitute AOD offending, addiction treatment policies, and manage the addicted offender to accomplish recovery. It also adds important data to the international pool of DTC ethnographies and problem-solving court literature, providing a point of focus from which to consider broader policy and evaluative criteria of people’s experiences of treatment in the problem-solving court. It is hoped that this research is able to contribute to law reform involving specialist problem solving courts in New Zealand.</p>

show abstract

A critical ethnography of the Ottawa Drug Treatment Court : linking discourses of addiction, addicted subjects & treatment practices

Cited by 3 publications

References 135 publications

Reassessing the Role of Entamoeba gingivalis in Periodontitis

Reassessing the Role of Entamoeba gingivalis in Periodontitis

Governing addiction: The Alcohol and Other Drug Treatment Court in New Zealand

Governing addiction: The Alcohol and Other Drug Treatment Court in New Zealand

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