A Critical Overview of Interleukin 32 in Leishmaniases

Abstract

Interleukin-32 (IL-32) has several immune regulatory properties, which have driven its investigation in the context of various diseases. IL-32 expression is reported to be induced in the lesions of patients with American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) by the New World Leishmania spp. that are responsible for causing ATL and visceral leishmaniasis (VL). IL-32 expression may elevate the inflammatory process through the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and also via mechanisms directed to kill the parasites. The genetic variants of IL-32 might be associated with the resistance or susceptibility to ATL, while different isoforms of IL-32 could be associated with distinct T helper lymphocyte profiles. IL-32 also determines the transcriptional profile in the bone marrow progenitor cells to mediate the trained immunity induced by β-glucan and BCG, thereby contributing to the resistance against Leishmania. IL-32γ is essential for the vitamin D-dependent microbicidal pathway for parasite control. In this context, the present review report briefly discusses the data retrieved from the studies conducted on IL-32 in leishmaniasis in humans and mice to highlight the current challenges to understanding the role of IL-32 in leishmaniasis.

IL-32 producing CD8+memory T cells and Tregs define the IDO1 / PD-L1 niche in human cutaneous leishmaniasis skin lesions

“…It has been ascribed a pro-inflammatory and host protective role in tuberculosis and in models of colitis and arthritis based on the use of huIL32 transgenic mouse models. A role for IL-32 in leishmaniasis has also been previously suggested, based on similar transgenic mouse models and the enhanced expression of IL-32 in lesion biopsies from patients with L. braziliensis infection 61,88 . However, none of these published studies has addressed IL-32 expression in a spatially resolved manner.…”

“…IL-32 is a complex and still poorly understood cytokine that can be produced by multiple cell lineages (reviewed in 87 ). Studies of IL-32 are hampered by multiple isoforms, each with distinct biological effects and the lack of IL-32 in rodents 88 . IL-32γ is the longest isoform with an intact signal peptide and is secreted.…”

Interleukin-32 as a biomarker in rheumatic diseases: A narrative review

“…Interleukin-32 (IL-32), formerly known as the Natural Killer Cell Transcript 4 (NK4), is a cytokine that plays an important role in both innate and adaptive immune responses ( 1 – 4 ). In various inflammatory stimuli, IL-32 is produced by various cells, including monocytes, T cells, NK cells, fibroblasts, epithelial cells, and endothelial cells ( 2 , 5 , 6 ).…”

The state of the art of extracellular vesicle research in protozoan infection

“…Protozoan diseases are among the most important diseases, with fast transmission rates and causes of great harm to animal husbandry (Turkeltaub et al, 2015). Protozoa can cause various important diseases, such as Chagas disease (Eberhard et al, 2022), leishmaniasis (Ribeiro-Dias and Oliveira, 2022), giardiasis (Hajare et al, 2022), trichomoniasis (Ibáñez-Escribano et al, 2022), and malaria (Kalkal et al, 2022). Currently, the prevention and treatment of protozoan disease mainly rely on medicinal plant extracts and chemically synthesized drugs, but resistance to certain drug treatments is an emerging problem (Dziduch et al, 2022).…”